1. Which of the following findings of the Milgram obedience study mirrors well-documented psychological effects?
A. Ample time to reflect on decisions
B. Opportunity to deny responsibility
C. Tendency to defy social norms
D. Difficulty in following instructions
2. Following the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1954 decision to desegregate schools, the percentage of European Americans favoring integrated schools more than doubled. This is an example of how
A. attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined.
B. attitudes influence behavior when they are potent.
C. moral attitudes feed moral actions.
D. moral actions feed moral attitudes.
3. Which theory best explains why cigarette smokers are much more likely than nonsmokers to doubt that smoking is dangerous?
A. Self-presentation theory
B. Cognitive dissonance theory
C. Insufficient justification theory
D.Self-perception theory
4. When we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them the same way someone else observing us would by looking at our behavior. Which theory does this describe?
A. Self-presentation theory
B. Self-consistency theory
C. Cognitive dissonance theory
D. Self-perception theory
5. Although you were opposed to the war with Iraq, your attitude changed when you were required to report on the justifications for it at your job as a newspaper journalist. Which theory best explains the change in your attitude?
A. Self-presentation theory
B. Self-consistency theory
C. Cognitive dissonance theory
D. Self-perception theory
6. We are more likely to be persuaded by the _____ route to persuasion when we are distracted or busy.
A. peripheral
B. central
C. logical
D. image
7. Burger (2009) replicated Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiment, though only to the 150-volt point. The results revealed that, compared to Milgram’s 1962 experiment, the percentage of men who obeyed the command to deliver electric shocks at 150 volts in Burger’s study
A. increased from 22 percent to 40 percent.
B. dropped from 84 percent to 70 percent.
C.was consistent at 60 percent.
D. increased from 30 to 60 percent.
8. When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20- to 50-year-old men, he found that about 65 percent of them
A. refused to deliver shocks beyond 150 volts.
B. refused to deliver shocks beyond 300 volts.
C. progressed all the way to 450 volts.
D. asked to be released from the experiment by 135 volts.
9. When Milgram asked 110 psychiatrists, college students, and middle-class adults to predict the results of his experiment, the respondents said that they thought _____ would _____.
A. they themselves; never begin to administer the shocks
B. they themselves; disobey by about 135 volts
C. other people; disobey by about 210 volts
D. other people; would go all the way to 450 volts
10. When participants in Milgram’s experiments wanted to quit, they were given
A. shocks to keep them going.
B.money as an incentive to keep going.
C. up to four verbal prods to keep them going.
D. a reward for being one of the few to disobey.
11. The text indicates that inoculation procedures have been successful in
A. increasing drivers’ use of seat belts.
B. reducing children’s aggression.
C. reducing teen smoking.
D. increasing adults’ charitable contributions.
12. Persuasion can be resisted by
A. keeping one’s opinions private.
B. making a public commitment to one’s own position.
C. attacking the opposite position.
D. being closed to all arguments.
13. _____ is defined as exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available.
A. Central route persuasion
B. Attitude inoculation
C. Depressive realism
D. Attitude polarization
14. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2018 report, _____ of Americans smoke cigarettes, half the rate of 40 years ago, which emphasizes the impact of health-promotion campaigns in promoting healthier living.
A. 40 percent
B. 14 percent
C. 5 percent
D. 33 percent
15. Compared with propaganda, education is
A. more factually based.
B. more coercive.
C. less believable.
D. less interesting.
16. Which of the following statements is false?
A. About one in five Americans believes President Obama is a Muslim.
B. About one in four Americans thinks the sun revolves around the earth.
C. About one in three Americans believes President Obama was born outside the United States.
D. About one in four Americans believes the earth rotates around the moon.
17. Which of the following is true about the credibility of a message?
A. If the source of a message is credible, then people can never dissociate the message from its source.
B. The effects of source credibility on consumers increase after a month or two.
C. If people remember the message better than the reason for discounting it, the impact of a noncredible person may increase over time.
D. If a noncredible person’s message is persuasive, its impact may fade as its source is dissociated from the message.
18. According to social psychologists, which of the following is true of the central route to persuasion?
A. It slowly builds attitudes through repeated associations between an attitude and an emotion.
B. It often swiftly changes explicit attitudes.
C. It is popular among smart advertisers as it is effective in selling a variety of products.
D. It is implicit and automatic.
19. In the context of persuasion, logical individuals are likely to take the easy peripheral route to persuasion and accept a message when a speaker
A. is young and vibrant.
B. belongs to an upper-class family.
C. has apparently good motives.
D. is nervous and inarticulate.
20. Magazine prescription drug ads offer customers information on the benefits and side effects of the drugs. They are most likely using the
A. peripheral route to persuasion.
B. central route to persuasion.
C. lowball technique.
D. foot-in-the-door approach.
