Write whole paragraphs for each of the five benefits and the five hindrances to society (10 total paragraphs). Write the content in good academic form for possible inclusion i

Industry Selection Steve Linerode

Identify the industry in which the project will take place. Include the NAICS code and label (e.g., 453998 – All

Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers except Tobacco Stores). Also provide at least two paragraphs detailing why

you have selected the particular industry.

Industry selection: Healthcare – NAISC Code: 622110 General Medical and Surgical Hospitals

Supportive Statement

Healthcare is a thriving industry that is beneficial to the public health. Healthcare has also been

shown to be an essential factor for a stable economy (Boyce & Brown, 2019). Healthcare seeks to

reduce health inequities and address the social determinants of health. In 2019, the World Health

Organization reported that healthcare is a major factor in the economic stability of a country and has

a positive impact on the economy through the jobs it creates and the purchase of other goods and

services, such as medical supplies, food and cleaning supplies (Boyce & Brown). According to Nunn

et al. (2020), as cited by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (1980-2019b) 11% of American workers are

employed in some sector of the healthcare system.

Payment for healthcare services is predominantly provided by private insurance or government

programs. Examples of governmental programs include Medicare, Medicaid, the Children’s Health

Insurance Program and the Veterans Administration. The government’s share of healthcare spending

is over 60% of total healthcare costs and accounts for a larger share of the gross domestic product

than total health expenses in other nations (Himmelstein & Woolhandler, 2016). Accordingly, the

United States has the highest per capita health care cost of any nation. Healthcare costs increased to

$11,582 per person, which was more than double the year 2000 (How Regulating Hospital Prices

Can Impact Patient Care, 2021).

According to Rodziewicz et al. (2021), medical errors are a leading cause of death in the United

States. The cost of medical errors is approximately $20 billion per year, resulting in an estimated

100,000 deaths annually, so every action to reduce medical error can improve the system, save a life

and improve patient outcome (Rodziewicz et al.). The national impact of medical error has been

demonstrated above, but the personal impact of medical error is even greater, where lives are

destroyed, generations are lost and personnel are traumatized. While altruistic, working to reduce

medical errors makes healthcare a prime industry for an applied doctoral project.

Identify five examples of organizations that occupy this segment of the marketplace. Select entities that have great

propensity for becoming your ADP partner organization.

1. Community Health Network – Indiana – www.ecommunity.com

2. Indiana University Health – Indiana – www.iuhealth.org

3. Ascension Health (St. Vincent family of hospitals) – Indiana – www.ascension.org

4. Franciscans Health – Indiana – www.franciscanhealth.org

5. Reid Health – Columbus, Indiana – www.reidhealth.org

INDUSTRY SIGNIFICANCE TO SOCIETY

Identify five benefits to society that are gained when the indicated industry is operating properly. Provide a topic

statement and then support your response with scholarly evidence in paragraph form. Cite paraphrases and

direct quotes per APA 7th edition.

The healthcare system provides many benefits to society. As a service industry, healthcare

benefits patients, providers, stakeholders and the community through employment, increased

tax base, and the purchase of products and supplies.

1. The healthcare industry improves population health and increases life expectancy.

In research by Ninde (2020), life expectancy has more than doubled in the past 200 years to

78.8 years in 2015, much of this being due to public health improvements, such as the control

of infectious diseases with the advent of antibiotics, better food supply, and cleaner water.

Medical technology has also advanced over the past 100 years, ranging from the iron lung in

1928, through pacemakers, dialysis, cardiac defibrillation and the use of magnetic resonance

imaging to more current technology such as robotic limbs (Wilson, 2018).

2. Healthcare is a major employer in the United States.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2020), the healthcare industry employs

over 15 million people in the U.S. in a variety of professional, clinical and support roles.

Over 8,600,000 of those are in professional and clinical roles. Indiana alone employs 301,650

people in healthcare roles, with 191,070 of those being in professional and clinical roles

(U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020).

3. Healthcare benefits the economy by the purchase of goods and services.

A report by Abdulsalam and Schneller (2019) indicated that hospitals, on average, spent $3.8

million on goods purchased, with a median amount spent of $9.1 million. Of interest, the

University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center had the highest supply costs of any

hospital at over $974 million (Definitive Healthcare, 2020). Supply expenses are the second

largest expense following staff salaries (Abdulsalam & Schneller, 2019).

4. Health equity – Free or low-cost services to those in need. Nonprofit hospitals are required by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to use some of their

excess funds to provide ‘community benefit’, which is often provided through free or low-

cost services (National Center for Healthy Housing, n.d.). The Affordable Care Act has

created more patients with insurance, which translates to hospitals being able to use these

funds for other public health enhancements, such as diabetes education, hypertension

workshops and anti-smoking campaigns. The IRS reported to Congress in 2016 that

hospitals’ community benefit reached $157 billion, which was greater than their required tax

exemption (American Hospital Association, 2017).

5. Support for research and development of pharmaceuticals and technology.

Lagasse (2018) found that the healthcare industry is anticipated to be the top spender for

research and development in 2020, growing from $159 billion to $169.5 billion over the last

year (Lagasse). Pharmaceutical research also has global benefits by providing employment,

purchase of goods and services and improvement of public health through reduction in

disease.

Identify five hindrances to society that occur when the indicated industry is not operating properly. Provide a

topic statement and then support your response with scholarly evidence in paragraph form. Cite paraphrases and

direct quotes per APA 7th edition.

The healthcare industry has a direct impact on society through improvement of health and

longevity and economic factors of employment and purchase of services. When the

healthcare industry is not functioning at an optimal level, society is hindered by changes in

population health and disruption of economic factors of employment and purchase of

services.

1. Decreased contribution to the economy through loss of employment.

When the healthcare system is not operating properly, there is less opportunity for jobs in the

community. Healthcare is a major employer (Current employment statistics, n.d.), and

contributes to the economy through cash flow from employee taxes and purchase of goods

and services. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2020), notes that the healthcare industry

employs over 15 million people in the U.S. in a variety of professional, clinical and support

roles. Indiana alone employs 301,650 people in healthcare roles (U.S. Bureau of Labor

Statistics, 2020).

2. Loss of trust and reputation.

According to Smith (2017), trust is fundamental in healthcare and is associated with patients

following prescribed treatment regimen and seeking care. Smith (2017) describes a cyclical

form where trust results in better care, which results in increased trust and satisfaction. This

loss of trust is not confined to the general public. Additionally, Poses (2003) asserted that it is

also found among physicians described as “the abandonment of medicine’s core values”.

According to Poses, physician loss of trust in the healthcare system reduces physician

engagement and increases dissatisfaction, which lead to dysfunctional medical practice,

impacting the quality of care.

3. Decline in population health

Abendshein (2018) describes a broken healthcare system where population health declines

because the system is not optimally designed. Population health is based on availability of

health resources. Lack of resources such as personnel, access, supplies and education would

all contribute to a decline in population health.

4. Increased mortality.

There are several aspects of a broken healthcare system that would contribute to an increase

in mortality:

a. Lack of adequate health coverage which contributes to a 40 percent higher risk of death

than for those with private insurance coverage (Wilper et al., 2009).

b. Dysfunction in the quality of care contributes to increased mortality (Castellucci, 2019).

In research from Castellucci, a Johns Hopkins study found that the risk of avoidable death

increased at a lower graded hospital. The Leapfrog Group (n.d.) publishes data to provide

transparency on hospital quality and safety to the general public. Lower graded hospitals

would be those with lower quality of care scores and higher number of untoward safety

events.

c. Lack of equity in healthcare availability contributes to increased infant mortality (Ely &

Driscoll, 2020). Infant mortality is defined by the CDC as death before the first birthday.

Over 21,000 infants died in 2018, with causes including birth defects, preterm birth and

pregnancy complications, all which the CDC correlate to lack of sufficient healthcare

(Driscoll, 2020).

d. Cardiovascular mortality has a direct correlation with the quality of medical care (Ezzeti

et al., 2015). According to Ezzeti et al., in high-income countries there has been a slowing

in cardiovascular mortality rates due to such factors as control of blood pressure and

serum cholesterol levels. As the quality of healthcare improves, so does the

cardiovascular mortality rate. Conversely, when healthcare is not available or is

insufficient, mortality increases.

5. Inequity of distribution of care.

Equity in healthcare as defined by the Institute of Medicine is “care that does not vary in

quality based on characteristics of the person” (Dawes, 2016). While inequity has many

social determinants, inability of a dysfunctional system to meet healthcare needs is a

significant contributor to the problem.

References: List the references for all citations. A minimum of seven sources are to be cited. Cite references per APA

7th edition, listing them in alphabetical order.

References

Abdulsalam, Y., & Schneller, E. (2019). Hospital supply expenses: An important ingredient in health

services research. Medical Care Research and Review, 76(2), 240–252.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558717719928

Abendshien, J. (2018). Health care in the next curve: Transforming a dysfunctional industry.

Productivity Press.

American Hospital Association (2017, July 18). How hospitals are benefiting the communities they

serve. https://www.aha.org/news/blog/2017-07-18-how-hospitals-are-benefiting-communities-

they-serve

Boyce, T., & Brown, C. (2019). Economic and social impacts and benefits of health systems. World

Health Organization. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/395718/Economic-

Social-Impact-Health-FINAL.pdf

Castellucci, M. (2019). Avoidable deaths still an issue at Leapfrog’s higher-rated hospitals. Modern

Healthcare, 49(20), 15.

Current employment statistics (CES) – not seasonally adjusted. (n.d.). Hoosiers by the Numbers: Your

Premier Source for Labor Market Information for Indiana. [Data Set]. Retrieved April 15, 2021,

from

http://www.hoosierdata.in.gov/dpage.asp?id=23&view_number=1&menu_level=&panel_numbe

r=2

Dawes, D. E., (2016). Why health equity matters in an era of health care transformation. AAMC.

https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/insights/why-health-equity-matters-era-health-care-

transformation#:%7E:text=Health%20equity%20means%20giving%20patients

Definitive Healthcare. (2020, June 25). Top hospitals by medical & linen supply costs. [Data Set].

Retrieved March, 29, 2021, from https://www.definitivehc.com/resources/healthcare-

insights/top-hospitals-by-supply-costs

Ely, D. M., & Driscoll, A. K. (2020). Infant mortality in the United States, 2018: Data from the period

linked birth/infant death file. National Vital Statistics Reports, 69(7), 1–18.

https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr69/NVSR-69-7-508.pdf

Ezzati, M., Obermeyer, Z., Tzoulaki, I., Mayosi, B., Elliott, P., & Leon, D. (2015). Contributions of risk

factors and medical care to cardiovascular mortality trends. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 12,

508–530. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2015.82

Himmelstein, D. U., & Woolhandler, S. (March 1, 2016). The current and projected taxpayer shares of

US health costs. American Journal of Public Health, 106(3), 449–452.

https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302997

How regulating hospital prices can impact patient care. (2021, May 11). Kellogg Insight.

https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/hospital-prices-patient-care

Lagasse, J. (2018, November 12). Healthcare will spend the most on R&D of any industry by 2020, says

PwC. Healthcare Finance News. https://www.healthcarefinancenews.com/news/healthcare-will-

spend-most-rd-any-industry-2020-says-pwc

The Leapfrog Group. (n.d.). Hospital safety grade. Leapfrog Hospital Safety Grade. Retrieved June 2,

2021, from https://www.hospitalsafetygrade.org/your-hospitals-safety-grade/about-the-grade

National Center for Healthy Housing. (n.d.). Hospital community benefits. https://nchh.org/tools-and-

data/financing-and-funding/healthcare-financing/hospital-community-benefits/

Ninde, C. (2020, September 25). 200 years of public health has doubled our life expectancy. San Juan

Basin Public Health. https://sjbpublichealth.org/200-years-public-health-doubled-life-

expectancy/

Nunn, R. J. P., Parsons, J., & Shambaugh, J. (2020). A dozen facts about the economics of the US

health-care system. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/research/a-dozen-facts-about-the-

economics-of-the-u-s-health-care-system/

Poses, R. M. (2003). A cautionary tale: The dysfunction of American health care. European Journal of

Internal Medicine. 14(2). 123–130.

Rodziewicz, T. L., Houseman, B., & Hipskind, J. E. (2021). Medical error reduction and prevention. In

StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499956/#:%7E:text=Medical%20errors%20cost%20a

pproximately%20%2420,100%2C000%20people%20dying%20each%20year

Smith C. P. (2017). First, do no harm: Institutional betrayal and trust in health care

organizations. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 10, 133–144.

https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S125885

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020, March 31). Indiana – May 2019 OES state occupational

employment and wage estimates. Occupational Employment Statistics. [Data Set]. Retrieved

March 16, 2021, from https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_in.htm

Wilper, A. P., Woolhandler, S., Lasser, K. E., McCormick, D., Bor, D. H., & Himmelstein, D. U.

(2009). Health insurance and mortality in US adults. American Journal of Public Health, 99(12),

2289–2295. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.157685

Wilson, B. (2018, October 26). Top medical technology advances from the last 100 years. Carevoyance.

https://www.carevoyance.com/blog/medical-technology-advances-100-years

Witters, B. D. (2019, January 23). U.S. uninsured rate rises to four-year high. Gallup.Com. [Data Set].

Retrieved March 16, 2021, from https://news.gallup.com/poll/246134/uninsured-rate-rises-four-

year-high.aspx

Form 1: Industry Selection

Complete the following form.

Identify the industry in which the project will take place. Include the NAICS code and label (e.g., 453998 – All

Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers except Tobacco Stores). Also provide at least two paragraphs detailing why

you have selected the particular industry.

Educational Services – Community Colleges – NAICS Code 611210

Supporting Statement

Community colleges not only provide accessible education to individuals, they also address needs of society as a whole,

employers specific subsets of society. The current pandemic has highlighted both the advantages and disadvantages of

community colleges as well as the opportunities they can embrace.

According to the United States Census Bureau (2020), the country’s poverty rate is just over ten percent. Poverty in the

U.S. disproportionately includes minorities, young people, women, those living in the South, those with no high school

and/or no college, and those who either do not work or only work part-time. The United States Census B