In class, we learned that the Literature Review includes: Introduction (6 sentences taught in this week’s lesson) Review of Literature  Analysis of Literature (use your E

ABORTION RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITED MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES 3

*** This sample was adapted from a Monroe College student’s final paper. ***

Literature Review

Introduction to Literature Review

Safe and available access to maternal health services while abortion restrictions and

stigmatization continues to pose issues for young pregnant women (Janighorban et al., 2022).

With abortion restrictions on the rise and limited access to providers, it is imperative to assess the

risk factors that this imposes on pregnant women and women’s reproductive rights. The literature

review included only peer-reviewed, research articles and literature regarding the factors of

limited access to sexual reproductive services and prenatal care for women long-term. Some of

these factors include socioeconomic status, defective life skills, and mental health issues were

analyzed. The databases used to conduct the literature review was ProQuest and Medline from

the Monroe College library. Keywords and phrases included in the search for the articles

documented in the literature review reflect the following: abortion, abortion access, impacts of

abortion restriction, and maternal health service limitations.

Review of Literature

Limited Access of Care

Janighorban et al. (2021) conducted a mixed-methods research study using semi-

structured interviews in order to explore the impediments to access when it concerns

reproductive and sexual health services. This study was conducting using 120 female participants

ages 14-19, and 22 key informants that worked as midwives, psychologists or social workers in

April 2019 to June 2020 in Iran, specifically Isfahan, Tehran and Mashhad. Through in-depth

semi-structured interviews, the study participants explained in depth their experiences of barriers

to sexual and reproductive/maternal health services among teenage girls. They found that the

ABORTION RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITED MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES 4

*** This sample was adapted from a Monroe College student’s final paper. ***

ineffectiveness of key organizations in providing sexual and reproductive health services as well

as lacking in political, legal, and social support indicate that the sexual and reproductive health

of these girls is not a priority for Iranian society. They were able to conclude in their research

that the long-term effects of the severe limitations to sexual health services, specifically when it

concerns abortions and prenatal services in this age group, were family challenges, easily

succumbing to peer pressure, inability to make informed decisions when it pertains to sex, and

lack of knowledge in relation to sexual health threats, and psychological distress (Janighorban et

al., 2021).

Hadju et al. (2022) conducted secondary, quantitative research analysis in order to

identify the long-term consequences of restrictive access to abortion, specifically following the

change in abortions laws after 1974 in Hungary. The study was conducted through a secondary,

quantitative research methodology, using the 2011 census in Hungary. They were able to

conclude from their research that children born after the law change to women under the age of

35 were less likely to seek higher education. They also found that these children were also far

more likely to become teen parents themselves. The restrictive abortion policy in Hungary

ultimately resulted in negative impacts on the socioeconomic results in the lives of the children

born after the law was put in place. As a whole, they saw that children born after the law change

had worse educational outcomes, and the law change overall reflect an unwantedness effect

(Hadju et al., 2022).

Changing Stigma and Expansion of Research

Maxwell et al. (2021) conducted a qualitative research analysis in October of 2019.

Unlike the previous studies (Hadju et al., 2022; Janighorban et al., 2021), Maxwell et al. (2021)

ABORTION RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITED MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES 5

*** This sample was adapted from a Monroe College student’s final paper. ***

conducted this research study in order to figure out how providers can help normalize abortion,

challenge the stigma, and challenge sociocultural narrative surrounding the topic. Everyday

discussion as it pertains to abortion is generally negative, instilling shame and distress around the

topic and discussion, even though it is a common gynecological procedure. They conducted the

research study using a qualitative research approach, and conducted 20 interviews using thematic

analysis. From their research, they were able to identify four interconnecting themes among the

providers interviewed: 1. Resistance to abortion from their colleagues 2. negative sociocultural

abortion accounts. 3. Aims to achieve positivity or neutrality around abortion procedures. 4.

presenting abortion as normal and a part of maternal, sexual, and gynecological healthcare.

Further, they explained that abortion should not be considered wrong or viewed as inherently

negative, and it can be presented as a routine component of sexual and reproductive healthcare.

Presenting abortion neutral and positive ways can help limit and resist negative framings of the

procedure (Maxwell et al., 2021).

Lastly, Pabayo et al. (2022) carried out a secondary, quantitative research analysis in

order to determine if there was a connection between infant mortality risk and limited abortion

services in the states with varying restrictions among abortion laws in different states in the

United States. The data used for this studied came from infants born from 2008-2010 and used

this data comparatively to infants born in different regions of the world in 2015 and 2017. The

data was collected in the United States, at varying academic institutes including University of

Alberta, located in Alabama, University of Nevada, University of Utah, Columbia University,

and Montclair State University. They looked for a causal relationship between restrictive

abortion laws and infant mortality, and pulled direct statistics and numbers from LBID and

NCHS in accordance, and assessed specific laws and drew their research from there. They were

ABORTION RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITED MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES 6

*** This sample was adapted from a Monroe College student’s final paper. ***

able to conclude that Infants born to Black mothers, single mothers, and low-income mothers

have higher infant mortality rates compared to infants born to White mothers, married mothers,

and moderate/high-income mothers. They were unable to find a definitive causal relationship,

but when they tested the relationship between infant mortality and five different abortion

restrictive laws they chose, they were able to determine that there is an increase in risk of infant

mortality when the laws are more restrictive.

Analysis of Literature

Maxwell et al. Hajdu et al. (2021), Janighorban et. al (2022) and Pabayo et al. (2020) all

used qualitative research as component of the methodology used when conducting their research.

All four studies indicate that there are negative impacts on health outcomes and demonstrate a

violation to human and women’s reproductive rights when it comes to abortion access and

restrictive abortion laws. The more restrictive abortion laws overly complicate the provider-

patient relationships. They have been able to conclude that this specifically effects younger

women when it comes to reproductive health and shows negative impacts in the long run,

specifically to socioeconomic status, family planning, mental health implications, and fear and

avoidance associated with current healthcare systems. Comparatively, in Pabayo et al. (2020),

their research focuses more heavily on the risks of mortality among infants when abortions laws

are more restrictive, while Hadju et al. (2021) and Janighorban et al. (2022) focus more on the

implications to young mothers and their social and economic status following the inhibitions of

abortion access as opposed to discussing the morality implications are discussed in the former.

Meanwhile, Maxwell et al (2021) discuss the overall impacts to the healthcare system, and being

able to access a quality provider that has been trained and 1. Allowed to perform specific

procedures and 2. Properly trained to do so.

ABORTION RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITED MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES 7

*** This sample was adapted from a Monroe College student’s final paper. ***

The Discussion would go here,

introduced by a Level 1 Header and adhering to APA 7 Basics

– No page breaks between sections or extra spaces, unless one

occurs naturally, like this

Welcome!

This is an exciting week!

You will be completing the literature review section of your research paper!

Congratulations! You have completed part 2 of the literature review!

Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review

Review of Literature

Analysis of Literature

Now, let’s write Part 1!

Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review

Review of Literature

Analysis of Literature

Part 1: Introduction paragraph (you will workshop this right as you watch the powerpoint!)

Part 1: Introduction

In 6 easy(??) sentences

SENTENCE 1:

Opening sentence: isolate your research problem, with citation

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 1:

Opening sentence: isolate your research problem, with citation

Higher infant weight gain is a known risk factor for obesity later on in life (Azad et al., 2018).

SAMPLE

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 1:

Opening sentence: isolate your research problem, with citation

WRITE YOURS NOW

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 2:

Explain why it is necessary to solve this problem

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 2:

Explain why it is necessary to solve this problem

With the obesity epidemic continuously affecting the population, examining the risk factors of obesity is essential to protecting public health.

SAMPLE

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 2:

Explain why it is necessary to solve this problem

WRITE YOURS NOW

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 3:

Ensure your reader that you have only included research articles in the literature review and identify the main theme among them

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 3:

Ensure your reader that you have only included research articles in the literature review and identify the main theme among them

The literature review included only research articles and literature regarding the factors that influence high infant weight gain.

SAMPLE

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 3:

Ensure your reader that you have only included research articles in the literature review and identify the main theme among them

WRITE YOURS NOW

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 4:

If you notice multiple factors, you should list them

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 4:

If you notice multiple factors, you should list them

Factors such as maternal behaviors, feeding methods, and mode of feedings were reviewed.

SAMPLE

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 4:

If you notice multiple factors, you should list them

WRITE YOURS NOW

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 5:

Include the names of the databases you used to conduct your research from the Monroe College Library

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 5:

Include the names of the databases you used to conduct your research from the Monroe College Library

The databases that were used to conduct this literature review included ProQuest and EBSCO Host from the Monroe College Library.

SAMPLE

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 5:

Include the names of the databases you used to conduct your research from the Monroe College Library

WRITE YOURS NOW

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 6:

List search words/terms you used in order to find your research articles

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 6:

List search words/terms you used in order to find your research articles

Search terms used to obtain relevant literature included infant weight gain, infant overweight, infant feeding, breastfeeding and weight gain, and formula feeding and weight gain.

SAMPLE

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SENTENCE 6:

List search words/terms you used in order to find your research articles

WRITE YOURS NOW

Part 1: introduction paragraph

SEE SAMPLE ON NEXT SLIDE!

Now put it together!!

Higher infant weight gain is a known risk factor for obesity later on in life

(Azad et al., 2018). With the obesity epidemic continuously affecting the

population, examining the risk factors of obesity is essential to protecting public

health. The literature review included only research articles and literature

regarding the factors that influence high infant weight gain. Factors such as

maternal behaviors, feeding methods, and mode of feedings were reviewed. The

databases that were used to conduct this literature review included ProQuest

and EBSCO Host from the Monroe College Library. Search terms used to obtain

relevant literature included infant weight gain, infant overweight, infant feeding,

breastfeeding and weight gain, and formula feeding and weight gain.

Now put together YOUR pieces!! Ready, Set, GO!

Workshop your Introduction to the Literature review!

Put the 6 sentences together to draft YOUR

Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review

(YES, really, now! before going to the next slide!)

Congratulations! you are done with parts 1 AND 2 of the literature review!

Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review

Review of Literature

Analysis of Literature

Now, let’s write Part 3!

Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review

Review of Literature

Analysis of Literature

Pull up the excel sheet with your Who, Where, When, Why, How, and What, and compare and contrast your articles based on ANY of those questions except Who.

Now (yes, now!) you will make that into an elegant paragraph! (See sample in this week’s folder)

Congratulations! you are done with parts 1 AND 2 AND 3 of the literature review!

Introduction Paragraph for the Literature Review

Review of Literature

Analysis of Literature

Put the parts together using the

checklist on the next slide!

Step Description of Tasks

1 Format your APA-7-Compliant Title page.

2 Use a Level 1 Heading for “Literature Review” and a Level 2 Heading to write your “Introduction to the Literature Review”

3 Evaluate your analysis to decide upon the ORDER in which you will present research.

4 Use Level 3 Headings for any potential categories of articles that fall under the Level 2 Heading of “Review of Literature” (see sample). Use

your notes p. 13a to write your next three objective summaries and fit in your graded objective summary into your decided order.

5 Use a Level 2 Heading for “Analysis of Literature” and write the last paragraph of your Literature Review.

6 Create and format your APA-7-Compliant References page including ANY source cited in your document.

7 Complete Checklist

8 Submit your Literature Review and the checklist

Submit your complete Literature Review!!

This is Part III of your Final Exam!

Now …

Be proud! You’ve met a major Milestone in the research paper process!