For this assignment develop criteria 5-8 as detailed below:
You will submit just this section 5-8 . Please do not resubmit Part 1.
Use a presentation page. Start the body of content with topic 5.
- 5. Propose a health promotion program using an evidence-based intervention found in your literature search to address the problem in the selected population/setting. Include a thorough discussion of the specifics of this intervention which include resources necessary, those involved, and feasibility for a nurse in an advanced role.
- Be certain to include a timeline. (2 to 4 paragraphs- you may use bullets if appropriate).
- 6. Thoroughly describe the intended outcomes. Describe the outcomes in detail concurrent with the SMART goal approach.
- The SMART goal statement should be no more than one sentence (1 paragraph).
- 7. Provide a detailed plan for evaluation for each outcome. (1 paragraph).
- 8. Thoroughly describe possible barriers/challenges to implementing the proposed project as well as strategies to address these barriers/challenges. (1 paragraph).
- Finish the paper with a conclusion paragraph (1 paragraph) without typing the word "conclusion" before the paragraph.
Paper Requirements Your assignment should be up to 3(excluding title page and references).
Remember, your Proposal must be a scholarly paper demonstrating graduate school level writing and critical analysis of existing nursing knowledge about health promotion.
Finish with a your reference page no older than 5 years
just submit document from 5 to 8 steps
NO PLAGIO MORE THAN 10 %
DUE DATE FEBRUARY 12, 2024
Health Promotion Proposal Part 1 1
Health Promotion Proposal Part 1
Lung Cancer
Health Promotion Proposal Part 1 2
Health Promotion Proposal- Lung Cancer
Lung cancer remains a severe health concern, with a high occurrence among the elderly,
particularly those who have previously smoked (Adams et al., 2023). This issue is becoming
increasingly concerning in Miami, Florida, due to demographic and lifestyle issues. This disease
is the top cause of cancer-related mortalities globally and also has a substantial health impact in
the United States. In 2020, approximately 228,820 new instances of lung cancer were reported in
the United States, with around 135,720 fatalities underscoring the severity of the disease
(Thandra et al., 2021). The elderly, particularly those over 65, are disproportionately afflicted,
with an average age at diagnosis of roughly 70 years (Thandra et al., 2021). This age group is
particularly vulnerable in Miami, which has a large elderly population. The high prevalence of
lung cancer in this population is primarily due to prolonged exposure to risk factors, particularly
smoking. In Florida, the age-adjusted lung cancer incidence rate is around 50.5 per 100,000
individuals which is higher than the national average (Florida Department of Health, 2024). This
percentage is significantly more concerning among the elderly, particularly those with a history
of smoking. The suggested health promotion program intends to address this serious issue by
emphasizing lung cancer prevention and early diagnosis among Miami's older smokers. The goal
is to reduce lung cancer incidence and mortality by 25% over the next five years by focused
interventions such as smoking cessation support, information campaigns regarding early signs
and symptoms, and promotion of regular screening among high-risk persons. The program's
success will be measured in terms of decreased smoking rates, increased participation in lung
cancer screening, and, ultimately, a drop in lung cancer incidence and mortality rates among this
group.
Health Promotion Proposal Part 1 3
Description of the Vulnerable Population
Older adults in Miami who have a history of smoking are a susceptible demographic for a
variety of reasons. First, age is a crucial risk factor for lung cancer; the majority of patients
diagnosed with the disease are 65 years or older (Adams et al., 2023). This age group's
physiological deterioration renders individuals more vulnerable to cancer and less capable of
recovery. Second, a history of smoking dramatically raises the risk. About 80% to 90% of lung
cancer occurrences are attributed to smoking, making it the most common cause of the disease
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023). In Miami, where smoking has long been
considered culturally acceptable, elderly persons are more likely to have had prolonged exposure
to tobacco, thus increasing their risk. Also, socioeconomic factors such as access to healthcare
and educational inequality contribute to this susceptibility by influencing both the likelihood of
continued smoking and the capability for early cancer diagnosis.
Literature Review
A review of recent literature underscores the importance of targeted interventions. The
study by Krist et al. (2021) marks a significant advancement in lung cancer screening protocols.
It recommends annual “low-dose computed tomography” (LDCT) screenings for adults aged
50-80 who have a substantial smoking history. This suggestion emerged from a systematic
review and a modeling study highlighting the moderate net benefit of annual LDCT screening in
diminishing lung cancer mortality among high-risk groups.
Another significant study by Hawrysz et al. (2022) delves into lung cancer risk in men,
mainly focusing on compliance with the cancer preventive guidelines published in "2018 World
Health Promotion Proposal Part 1 4
Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR)”. This research
found that adherence to these recommendations, especially the aspect of limiting smoking, was
linked to a notably lower risk of lung cancer. The study's strength lies in its comprehensive
approach, considering lifestyle and dietary factors alongside smoking habits. However, it focuses
predominantly on male subjects, which may not wholly represent the diverse demographics of
elderly smokers, especially in a multicultural community like Miami.
The study by Krist et al. (2021) is commendable for its robust methodology and
impactful recommendations. The strength of this recommendation lies in its evidence-based
approach underpinned by comprehensive data analysis and modeling, thus providing a clear
guideline for lung cancer screening. However, the recommendation's applicability may be limited
by its dependency on patient adherence to annual screenings and the need for healthcare systems
to support the widespread implementation of LDCT screening programs.
The study by Hawrysz et al. (2022) provides a comprehensive view of prevention,
particularly highlighting the role of lifestyle changes. Its strength is demonstrating the tangible
benefits of adherence to cancer prevention guidelines. However, the study's limitation is its
potential over-reliance on self-reported data, which may introduce biases. Additionally, while it
establishes a clear link between lifestyle changes and reduced cancer risk, it does not address the
challenges of implementing these changes at a population level, particularly in diverse
communities like Miami, Florida.
Health Promotion Model
Health Promotion Proposal Part 1 5
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of Behavior Change is an ideal framework for this
health promotion proposal. TTM recognizes that behavior change, particularly smoking
cessation, is a process that involves several stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation,
preparation, action, and maintenance (Chang et al., 2024). The first step, "pre-contemplation,"
takes into account the fact that many older smokers may not want to quit at first. The first step is
to make older people more aware of the risks of continuing to smoke and the benefits of giving
up altogether. Then, precisely planned interventions can be made to deal with the problems and
drive behind each stage of change. For example, in the contemplation stage, people can be
encouraged to think about quitting by using educational materials and motivational interviews.
During the action and maintenance stages of the TTM, the program will offer tools like support
groups and ways to stop smoking. This method is essential for older people because it considers
their specific problems, like having solid habits and not wanting to change.
TTM also stresses how important it is to avoid relapse, which is especially important for
older people who may have long-standing smoking habits (Chang et al., 2024). Support groups,
therapy, and follow-up can be added to the program to help people in the maintenance stage,
which is essential for making sure that quitting smoking lasts. This plan is excellent for lowering
the risk of lung cancer in Miami's older smokers because it is flexible and focuses on each
person's readiness.
Health Promotion Proposal Part 1 6
References
Adams, S. J., Lee, P., Vliegenthart, R., Stone, E., Baldwin, D. R., & Fintelmann, F. J. (2023).
Screening for lung cancer. The Lancet, 390–408, 401(10374). 10.1016/
S0140-6736(22)01694-4 is the DOI.
The Centers for Disease Prevention and Control. (2023). What Are the Lung Cancer Risk
Factors?
Chang, Y.-H., Fu, C.-H., Hsu, M.-H., Okoli, C., & Guo, S.-E. (2024). The effectiveness of a
transtheoretical model-based smoking cessation intervention for rural smokers: A quasi-
experimental longitudinal study. Patient Education and Counseling. Advanced online
publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2024.108136
Chandra, K. C., Barsouk, A., Saginala, K., Aluru, J. S., & Barsouk, A. (2021). Epidemiology of
lung cancer. Contemporary Oncology (Poznan, Poland), 25(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.5114/
wo.2021.103829
Health Promotion Proposal Part 1 7
Florida Department of Health. (2024). Lung cancer incidence. Retrieved from https://
w w w . f l h e a l t h c h a r t s . g o v / C h a r t s D a s h b o a r d s / r d P a g e . a s p x ?
rdReport=NonVitalInd.Dataviewer&cid=446
Slowinska, M. A., Czerwinska, A., Wadolowska, L., Hawrysz, I., & Golota, J. J. (2022). Men's
Lung Cancer Risk and Adherence to the 2018 WCRF/AICR Cancer Prevention
Guideline. 4295 in Nutrients, 14(20)
US Preventive Services Task Force, together with Caughey, A. B., Cabana, M., Barry, M. J.,
Mangione, C. M., Davidson, K. W., and Krist, A. H. (2021). Lung cancer screening is
advised by the US Preventive Services Task Force. Jama; 325(10), 962-970.