Answer the following questions based on: Chapter 5 PowerPoint, PowerPoint lecture, reading Chapter 5 in the textbook. Please type the question and then the response. It should be clear from your answers that you have reviewed the assigned material for this module. Questions for Review and Discussion-chapter 5
- In one paragraph tell me about chapter 5 (overall)
- How do values and attitudes differ?
- Why might the same family come to entirely different conclusions on two separate occasions on which the decision to be made is essentially the same in each situation?
- How does brand loyalty reflect consumer values and attitudes?
- How are family values used politically?"
Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition Chapter 5: Understanding Family Choices Values, Attitudes, and Behaviors
Values (1 of 11)
Value: two unique perspectives:
Economic: measurement of exchange.
Personal: principles of behavior.
Universal values: operative everywhere.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
2
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.1: Explain how values vary among individuals and families across their lifespans.
Value:
Worth in usefulness or importance to the possessor; a principle, standard, or quality considered worthwhile or desirable.
Perspective of economics and consumer behavior: value is used as a measurement of exchange.
Perspective of subjective and personal nature: values are guiding principles of thought and behavior developing over time.
Universal values: Beliefs existent or operative everywhere or under all conditions.
2
Values (2 of 11)
Human rights: rights of human beings.
The Civil Rights Movement.
Punctuality is valued.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
3
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.1: Explain how values vary among individuals and families across their lifespans.
Human rights: The rights one has because one is a human being; the right to life, freedom, and human dignity.
The Civil Rights Movement:
Culminated in the 1960s, resulted in a national recognition of long-standing racial discrimination.
Laws and practices changed but failed to end discriminatory practices embedded within social institutions.
Deaths of several Black individuals in 2020 because of law enforcement, reignited the national debate.
Though ambiguous concept, human rights is believed to be a uniting factor to make human conditions better for all.
Punctuality is valued:
In business and educational institutions in the United States.
Generally, for Americans, being late is unacceptable and carries consequences.
3
Values (3 of 11)
Personal Values
Morals: religious and spiritual values.
Kohlberg’s views.
Situation: general condition.
Moral beliefs and the law.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
4
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.1: Explain how values vary among individuals and families across their lifespans.
Personal values: Broad desirable goals that serve as guiding principles and affect an individual’s preferences and behaviors.
Morals:
Values framed within religious or spiritual framework.
Using morals in decision making is placing value judgments on a continuum of right and wrong.
Kohlberg’s views:
Humans develop a set of morals as they mature, both socially and intellectually.
One’s sense of justice evolves over time due to changes in cognitive abilities.
Adolescents capable of abstract thinking will contemplate each situation in terms of context, alternatives, and impact of actions on self and others.
Situation: The general conditions that prevail in a place or society; the circumstances that somebody is in at a particular moment.
Moral beliefs and the law:
Moral beliefs that are held strongly enough within a group may ultimately become laws with punitive legal consequences.
Morals and values must be relied upon while making decisions that impact society, but aren’t mandated by law.
4
Values (4 of 11)
Personal Values
Table 5.1: Kohlberg’s Sequence of Moral Reasoning
| Level | Stage |
| Pre-conventional | Obedience and punishment Individualism, instrumentalism, and exchange |
| Conventional | “Good boy/girl” Law and order |
| Post-conventional | Social contract Principled conscience |
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
5
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.1: Explain how values vary among individuals and families across their lifespans.
Table 5.1: Kohlberg’s Sequence of Moral Reasoning.
5
Values (5 of 11)
Family Values
Homogamy: selection of mate with similar characteristics.
Research findings:
Wu: majority have similar partners.
Maenpaa and Jaolvaara: shared cultural experiences.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
6
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.1: Explain how values vary among individuals and families across their lifespans.
Homogamy:
Purposeful selection of a mate who has similar characteristics to your own.
Most visible in terms of race, religion, and social class.
Research findings:
Wu’s study reveals that vast majority of couples are partnered with someone of the same race or ethnicity and more than half are coupled with someone similar in education and age.
Maenpaa and Jaolvaara’s study suggests that the preference for a partner with similar social status can be attributed more with shared cultural experiences.
6
Values (6 of 11)
Family Values
Values that promote functioning of the family.
Report of Pew Research Center survey.
Assimilate: to comprehend and absorb.
Vegetarian: food choice and values.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
7
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.1: Explain how values vary among individuals and families across their lifespans.
Family values: Values, especially of a traditional or conservative kind, that are held to promote the sound functioning of the family and strengthen the fabric of society.
Report of Pew Research Center survey:
17% of newlyweds are marrying across racial or ethnic lines.
39% of the people say that marrying someone of a different race is good for society.
Assimilate: To take into the mind and thoroughly comprehend; to make similar; to absorb into the culture or mores of a population or group.
Vegetarian:
One who subsists on a diet composed primarily or wholly of vegetables, grains, fruits, nuts, and seeds, with or without eggs and dairy products.
Choosing to be a vegetarian is a conscious decision of many Americans.
Reasons for choosing a vegetarian diet are:
Health,
Animal ethics, and
Environmental issues.
7
Values (7 of 11)
Family Values
Diverse food practices creates complexity.
Economics influence food consumption.
Folbre’s concept of socioeconomics.
Expression of value within a family.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
8
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.1: Explain how values vary among individuals and families across their lifespans.
Diverse food practices creates complexity:
When few family members choose to be vegetarians and the others don’t, meal planning, food procurement, and food preparation becomes difficult.
Restrictive diets of any kind require advance planning and continual monitoring.
Religious commitments often impact food selection and consumption.
Economics influence food consumption:
When families purchase food in bulk, they are expressing their:
Values or beliefs about materialism and
The efficient use of family resources.
When families depend on fast food and restaurants, they are expressing their values of time and financial expenditures.
When families purposefully select foods and plan meals to meet nutritional requirements, they are expressing value towards health, longevity, and self-discipline.
Folbre’s concept of socioeconomics:
Explains through concept of love, reciprocity, and obligation.
Members of a family care about other members’ welfare and happiness.
They devote a certain amount of mental, physical, and spiritual resources to those other individuals and receive the same in turn.
Expression of value within a family:
Value is expressed through behaviors towards one another.
However, work within family is devalued as it is unpaid.
A raising trend is the transferring of economic activities from kin-based to institution-based systems.
8
Values (8 of 11)
Values Across the Life Span
Cohorts or generations.
Baby Boomers: between 1947 and 1964.
Change in international travel experiences.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
9
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.1: Explain how values vary among individuals and families across their lifespans.
Generations:
Groups born in different time periods.
They develop through shared experiences.
People born during the same period experience similar economic, political, historical, and technological changes.
Baby Boomers:
Children born between 1947 and 1964, experienced the rise of computerization, fall of major world powers, and increased influence of media on consumption.
These shared memories have an impact on how these people process and evaluate new products, situations, and proposed changes.
Change in international travel experiences:
Travel, a day long event has changed over time.
Increasing availability and affordability of airline travel has instilled in people an expectation of distant travel.
College students are taking advantage of international study opportunities.
International travel experiences impact attitudes and behaviors.
Individuals value travel experiences differently as they age and participate in workforce.
9
Values (9 of 11)
Values Congruence Across Generations
Degree of agreement in values.
Researches on impact of peers on values and behaviors:
Min, Silverstein, and Lendon.
Edgar-Smith and Wozniak.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
10
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.1: Explain how values vary among individuals and families across their lifespans.
Value congruence: The degree to which all members of the group agree on values about group processes and group work.
Researches on impact of peers on values and behaviors:
Min, Silverstein, and Lendon: Values were transmitted from parents to adolescents and young children that remained over the life course.
Edgar-Smith and Wozniak: Parent–adolescent relational values agreement patterns have high levels of value congruence between generations.
10
Values (10 of 11)
Values Congruence Across Generations
Researches on impact of peers on values and behaviors:
Henry Kaiser Family Foundation.
Miller’s study.
Benner, Boyle, and Sadler.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
11
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.1: Explain how values vary among individuals and families across their lifespans.
Researches on impact of peers on values and behaviors:
Henry Kaiser Family Foundation: 64% of teens between the ages of 15 and 17 who had decided not to engage in sexual activity attributed their decisions to fear of what their parents might think of them.
Miller’s study: Parent-child closeness or connectedness and parental supervision or regulation of children, in combination with parents’ values against teen intercourse and decrease the risk of adolescent pregnancy.
Benner, Boyle, and Sadler: Found that parental involvement in their adolescents’ academic career were related to higher educational achievement.
11
Values (11 of 11)
Values Congruence Across Generations
Researches on impact of peers on values and behaviors:
Sadolikar’s finding.
Trickle up: young people having an effect on value system.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
12
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.1: Explain how values vary among individuals and families across their lifespans.
Researches on impact of peers on values and behaviors:
Sadolikar’s finding: Positive relationships between adolescents and their parents was a major factor in career aspirations.
Trickle up:
Recent studies: Children take on more of a role in self-efficacy and exhibit different value patterns.
Young people having an effect on the values patterns of their parents, introducing their parents to new value patterns.
12
Attitudes (1 of 5)
A mental position toward a fact.
Research studies:
Feather: consideration of consequences.
Sherif and Sherif: conception of ways of life.
Fishbein and Ajzen: attitudes are dynamic.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
13
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.2: Describe how attitudes are formed and maintained.
Attitude:
A mental position with regard to a fact or state; a feeling or emotion toward a fact or state.
A learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner to any given object.
Values couched within social situations.
Research studies:
Feather’s study: Suggests that values affect behavior by influencing one’s evaluation of possible consequences of his or her actions.
Sherif and Sherif findings:
Attitudes are expressions of how individuals conceive their ways of life.
Focus is on how people expect their expressed beliefs to be judged by others.
Fishbein and Ajzen’s research:
They studied the formation and expression of attitudes and proposed that attitudes are learned, and therefore they are dynamic.
Attitudes change with experience and education.
13
Attitudes (2 of 5)
Allport’s definition: cognitive terms.
Predispositions: prior inclinations.
Values exist within context.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
14
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.2: Describe how attitudes are formed and maintained.
Allport’s definition of attitude: It is a state of readiness that will impact an individual’s response to any situation.
Predispositions: Inclinations beforehand to interpret statements in a particular way; dispositions in advance to react in a particular way.
Values exist within context:
If humans are consistent in their attitudes, abortion would be wrong in any case.
However, in certain circumstances, such as rape or severe malformations, this same person may believe that abortion is an acceptable option.
14
Attitudes (3 of 5)
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
15
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.2: Describe how attitudes are formed and maintained.
Figure 5.1: Fishbein-Ajzen Theory of Reasoned Action.
15
Attitudes (4 of 5)
Research in behavioral genetics:
Arvey, Segal, Bouchard, and Abraham study.
Eaves, Eysenck, Martin, and Tesser.
Genetic determinism: importance of nature.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
16
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.2: Describe how attitudes are formed and maintained.
Research in behavioral genetics:
Arvey, Segal, Bouchard, and Abraham study: Approximately 30% of the observed variance in job satisfaction attributed to genetic factors.
Eaves, Eysenck, Martin, and Tesser: Attitudes resistant to change because they have psychological protection mechanisms exhibited by biological discomfort when faced with change.
Genetic determinism: The belief in the importance of nature for our characteristics including our attitudes and beliefs has been referred to as genetic determinism.
16
Attitudes (5 of 5)
Selective interpretation: used to advantage.
Selective memory: retrieval of certain memory.
Impact of social media on elections.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
17
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.2: Describe how attitudes are formed and maintained.
Selective interpretation: Purposeful dissemination of certain information in ways advantageous to the individual.
Selective memory:
Purposeful retrieval of certain information while ignoring other information stored in memory.
Oldest idea in attitude research.
People find information supporting their attitudes easier to accept than information that contradicts their existing attitudes.
Impact of social media on elections:
Misinformation from social networks spread false news faster and widely than the true news and tends to polarize people.
Bots or automated accounts are employed to spread misinformation to target and influence users.
17
Behaviors (1 of 2)
The manner of conducting oneself.
Connection between attitude and behavior.
Dupont: actions motivated by needs and values.
Self-perception theory: aligning attitudes and behaviors.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
18
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.3: Discuss the connection between attitudes and behaviors.
Behavior: The manner of conducting oneself; anything that an organism does involving action and response to stimulation; the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment.
Connection between attitude and behavior:
One’s behavior can be predicted from intention.
Intentions can be predicted from one’s attitude toward the behavior and one’s perception of what others think one should do.
Attitude is a function of how one perceives the action’s outcome will be received by others.
For example, cigarette smoking, seat belt use, self-monitoring of health, and selection of career behaviors.
Dupont’s view:
Individual and family needs are important triggers in family decision-making process.
Dupont believed that all our actions are motivated by our needs and values.
Self-perception theory: Individuals attempt to bring their attitudes into alignment with their behaviors without losing face among others who observe those behaviors.
18
Behaviors (2 of 2)
Cognitive dissonance theory.
Families exhibit similar characteristics.
Ethics: moral duty and obligation.
Code of ethics: set of moral principles.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
19
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.3: Discuss the connection between attitudes and behaviors.
Cognitive dissonance theory:
Internalizes the same types of situations.
For example, if Jed has consistently been an attentive student and is proud about it, when caught day dreaming, feels uncomfortable and needs to bring current behavior into alignment with his long-held attitude.
Families exhibit similar characteristics: Across situations in fairly consistent ways.
For example, when a family member is diagnosed with a terminal disease, the family may pull inward initially.
The way family members choose to present the family group to others in the larger social environment guides much of the decision-making process.
Acceptable practices are firmly embedded in religious, cultural, and social layers.
Choices will be made by family members based on their perception of “how it should be done.”
Ethics: The discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation.
Code of ethics: A set of moral principles that exist in formal or unwritten modes to guide group behavior.
19
Values, Attitudes, and Behaviors in the Decision-Making Framework
Ranking decides status of resources.
Beliefs surfaces in decision-making activities.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
20
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.4: Recognize how values, attitudes, and behaviors affect decision making.
Ranking decides status of resources:
When monetary resources are limited, families tend to judge their success or status based on relationships within the family and throughout the community.
Time and energy are devoted to further developing personal relationships and maintaining interpersonal connections between and among group members.
When money is readily available or when one desires to be accepted by others who have monetary resources, material goods take on increased importance.
Believes surfaces in decision-making activities:
Values are beliefs that guide behavior of family members and the decision-making process.
Some beliefs are so central to the family unit’s functioning that they are assumed in almost all decision-making activities.
Gradually, basic values and beliefs may move to the subconscious level of family members.
Only when their decisions are challenged by outsiders, they will recognize the importance of those values.
20
Values and Behaviors in Family Purchasing Decisions (1 of 5)
Motives: thought process leading to behavior.
Four possible sets of motives.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
21
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.5: Summarize how values and behaviors impact purchasing decisions.
Motives:
A thought pattern with feelings and values that leads to energized behavior.
Manning and Reece describe product buying motives as reasons consumers purchase one product in preference to another.
Four possible sets of motives: Brand preference, quality preference, price preference, or design preference.
21
Values and Behaviors in Family Purchasing Decisions (2 of 5)
Brand Preference
Survey of consumer brand loyalty.
Companies try to convince buyers.
Habibi, Laroche, and Richard’s research.
Orth and Kahle’s study.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
22
Satisfies Learning Objective 5.5: Summarize how values and behaviors impact purchasing decisions.
Survey of consumer brand loyalty:
Brandweek conducted a survey on consumer brand loyalty using the Brand Keys Customer Loyalty Index.
The information was gathered through telephone interviews with 16,000 active brand users twice per year.
Results indicated that the consumers are less loyal to brand names than they have been in the past.
Companies try to convince buyers:
Companies spend a lot of money to convince buyers that brand has benefits beyond obvious.