Abstract (objectives)
A brief description of the experiment. The abstract should not exceed four or five sentences.
Introduction
In your own words, explain the reason for performing the experiment and give a concise summary of the theory involved, including any mathematical detail relevant to later discussion in the report.
Conclusions
This section should reflect your understanding of the experiment. Important points to include are a brief discussion of your final results, an interpretation of the actual experimental results as they apply to the objectives of the experiment set out in the introduction should be given. Also discuss any problems encountered and how they were resolved.
Electric Circuits Lab
Instructor: ———–
Low Pass and High Pass Filters
Student Name(s): Click or tap here to enter text.
Click or tap here to enter text.
Honor Pledge:
I pledge to support the Honor System of ECPI. I will refrain from any form of academic dishonesty or deception, such as cheating or plagiarism. I am aware that as a member of the academic community, it is my responsibility to turn in all suspected violators of the honor code. I understand that any failure on my part to support the Honor System will be turned over to a Judicial Review Board for determination. I will report to the Judicial Review Board hearing if summoned.
Date: 1/1/2018
Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 3 Procedures 3 Data Presentation & Analysis 4 Calculations 4 Required Screenshots 4 Conclusion 4 References 5
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Lab Report Instructions: (This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report) Before starting on your lab report, please follow the following steps: 1) Follow the instructions listed provided in the lab instructions. 2) Complete this lab report . Upon completion, you will submit this lab report and your working Multisim files to your instructor. |
Abstract
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(This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report) What is an Abstract? This should include a brief description of all parts of the lab. The abstract should be complete in itself. It should summarize the entire lab; what you did, why you did it, the results, and your conclusion. Think of it as a summary to include all work done. It needs to be succinct yet detailed enough for a person to know what this report deals with in its entirety. Objectives of Week 5 Lab 1: · Build and test passive Low-pass, High-pass filters. · Calculate and measure the cut-off frequency of the filters. · Use Bode analyzer to observe the frequency response of the filters.
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Introduction
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(This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report) What is an Introduction? In your own words, explain the reason for performing the experiment and give a concise summary of the theory involved, including any mathematical detail relevant to later discussion in the report. State the objectives of the lab as well as the overall background of the relevant topic. Address the following in your introduction: · What is a low-pass filter? · What is a high-pass filter? · What is the cutoff frequency and how do you calculate it for an RL circuit? For an RC circuit? · What is the significance of -3 dB gain? · Where is the output taken for an RL low-pass filter? For an RL high-pass filter? · Where is the output taken for an RC low-pass filter? For an RC high-pass filter? |
Procedures
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(This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report) This section should contain the procedures as outlined in the lab instructions. |
Low-pass Filters
Part I: Series LR Low-pass filter:
1. Build the following circuit.
Figure 1: Series LR Circuit
2. Calculate the cutoff frequency (fC) of the above filter using the following equation. Record the result in Table 1.
Cutoff frequency
3. Connect the Bode Plotter as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Circuit showing Bode Plotter
4. Change the measurement settings on the Bode Plotter as shown in Figure 3
Figure 3. Bode Plotter Settings
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5. Run the simulation and observe the output. The Bode Plot will display the Gain in dB with respect to the Frequency in Hertz. See Figure 4.
Figure 4: Series LR circuit low-pass filter Gain response
6. Select the Phase button on the Bode Plotter to observe the phase in degrees with respect to the Frequency in Hertz. See Figure 5. Note the Vertical settings.
Figure 4: Series LR circuit low-pass filter Phase response
7. Measure the cutoff frequency on the Magnitude response. Set the cursor to read the frequency where the Gain (dB) is -3 dB. This will be the cutoff frequency. Record this value in Table 1.
Figure 5: Bode Plotter cursor approximately at -3 dB
8. Switch to the Phase plot. Measure the phase angle at the cutoff frequency determined in step 7. Record this value in Table 1.
9. Repeat steps 1 to 8 by replacing the R and L according to the values shown in Table 1.
Part II: Series RC Low-pass filter:
10. Build the following circuit on the breadboard.
Figure 6: Series RC Circuit
11. Calculate the cutoff frequency (fC) of the above filter using the following equation. Record the result in Table 2.
Cutoff frequency
12. Connect the Bode Plotter as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7: Circuit showing Bode Plotter
13. Change the measurement settings on the Bode Plotter as shown in Figure 8
Figure 8. Bode Plotter Settings
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14. Run the simulation and observe the output. The Bode Plot will display the Gain in dB with respect to the Frequency in Hertz. See Figure 9.
Figure 9: Series RC circuit low-pass filter Gain response
15. Select the Phase button on the Bode Plotter to observe the phase in degrees with respect to the Frequency in Hertz. See Figure 10. Note the Vertical settings.
Figure 10: Series LR circuit low-pass filter Phase response
16. Measure the cutoff frequency on the Magnitude response. Set the cursor to read the frequency where the Gain (dB) is -3 dB. This will be the cutoff frequency. Record this value in Table 2.
Figure 11: Bode Plotter cursor approximately at -3 dB
17. Switch to the Phase plot. Measure the phase angle at the cutoff frequency determined in step 16. Record this value in Table 2.
18. Repeat steps 10 to 17 by replacing the R and C according to the values shown in Table 2.
High-pass Filters
Part I: Series RL High-pass filter:
19. Build the following circuit.
Figure 12: Series LR Circuit
20. Calculate the cutoff frequency (fC) of the above filter using the following equation. Record the result in Table 3.
Cutoff frequency
21. Connect the Bode Plotter as shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13: Circuit showing Bode Plotter
22. Change the measurement settings on the Bode Plotter as shown in Figure 14.
Figure 14. Bode Plotter Settings
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23. Run the simulation and observe the output. The Bode Plot will display the Gain in dB with respect to the Frequency in Hertz. See Figure 15.
Figure 15: Series LR circuit high-pass filter Gain response
24. Select the Phase button on the Bode Plotter to observe the phase in degrees with respect to the Frequency in Hertz. See Figure 16. Note the Vertical settings.
Figure 16: Series LR circuit low-pass filter Phase response
25. Measure the cutoff frequency on the Magnitude response. Set the cursor to read the frequency where the Gain (dB) is -3 dB. This will be the cutoff frequency. Record this value in Table 3.
Figure 17: Bode Plotter cursor approximately at -3 dB
26. Switch to the Phase plot. Measure the phase angle at the cutoff frequency determined in step 25. Record this value in Table 3.
27. Repeat steps 19 to 26 by replacing the R and C according to the values shown in Table 3.
Part II: Series CR High-pass filter:
28. Build the following circuit.
Figure 18: Series RC Circuit
29. Calculate the cutoff frequency (fC) of the above filter using the following equation. Record the result in Table 4.
Cutoff frequency
30. Connect the Bode Plotter as shown in Figure 19.
Figure 19: Circuit showing Bode Plotter
31. Change the measurement settings on the Bode Plotter as shown in Figure 20
Figure 20. Bode Plotter Settings
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32. Run the simulation and observe the output. The Bode Plot will display the Gain in dB with respect to the Frequency in Hertz. See Figure 21.
Figure 21: Series RC circuit low-pass filter Gain response
33. Select the Phase button on the Bode Plotter to observe the phase in degrees with respect to the Frequency in Hertz. See Figure 22. Note the Vertical settings.
Figure 22: Series LR circuit high-pass filter Phase response
34. Measure the cutoff frequency on the Magnitude response. Set the cursor to read the frequency where the Gain (dB) is -3 dB. This will be the cutoff frequency. Record this value in Table 4.
Figure 23: Bode Plotter cursor approximately at -3 dB
35. Switch to the Phase plot. Measure the phase angle at the cutoff frequency determined in step 34. Record this value in Table 4.
36. Repeat steps 28 to 35 by replacing the R and C according to the values shown in Table 4.
Data Presentation & Analysis
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(This instruction box is to be deleted before submission of the Lab report) This section is the most important section of the report. Data representations and analysis are crucial in the engineering field. This section should include all raw data collected, e.g., voltage and current readings. All results are to be presented in both tabular and graphical forms. All tables must have titles and all figures must have brief captions. |
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RL combinations |
Calculated Frequency fC |
Measured Frequency fC |
Measured phase |
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R=1 kΩ, L= 100 mH |
1.592 kHz |
1.588 kHz |
-44.936˚ |
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R=1 kΩ, L= 150 mH |
1.061 kHz |
1.059 kHz |
-44.945˚ |
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R=10 kΩ, L= 100 mH |
15.916 kHz |
15.878 kHz |
-44.932˚ |
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R=10 kΩ, L= 150 mH |
10.610 kHz |
10.585 kHz |
-44.932˚ |
Table 1: Calculated and measured values
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RL combinations |
Calculated Frequency fC |
Measured Frequency fC |
Measured phase |
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R=1 kΩ, C= 2.2 nF |
72.343 kHz |
72.172 kHz |
-44.932˚ |
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R=1 kΩ, C= 1 nF |
159.155 kHz |
158.777 kHz |
-44.932˚ |
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R=10 kΩ, C= 2.2 nF |
7.234 kHz |
7.217 kHz |
-44.931˚ |
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R=10 kΩ, C= 1 nF |
15.916 kHz |
15.878 kHz |
-44.932˚ |
Table 2: Calculated and measured values
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RL combinations |
Calculated Frequency fC |
Measured Frequency fC |
Measured phase |
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R=1 kΩ, L= 100 mH |
1.592 khZ |
1.595 kHz |
44.938˚ |
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R=1 kΩ, L= 150 mH |
1.061 kHz |
1.064 kHz |
44.92˚ |
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R=10 kΩ, L= 100 mH |
15.916 kHz |
15.953 kHz |
44.933˚ |
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R=10 kΩ, L= 150 mH |
10.61 kHz |
10.636 kHz |
44.931˚ |
Table 3: Calculated and measured values
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RL combinations |
Calculated Frequency fC |
Measured Frequency fC |
Measured phase |
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R=1 kΩ, C= 2.2 nF |
72.343 kHz |
72.515 kHz |
44.932˚ |
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R=1 kΩ, C= 1 nF |
159.155 kHz |
159.333 kHz |
44.968˚ |
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R=10 kΩ, C= 2.2 nF |
7.234 kHz |
7.252 kHz |
44.93˚ |
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R=10 kΩ, C= 1 nF |