writing project and need support to help me learn.
Provided the guideline documents and a samples. Please write about the sixth subject which is The Waste Management Process.
RUNNING HEAD: THE PROCESS OF MEMORIZATION
The Process of Memorization: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
[Student Name Here]
Prince Sultan University
Author Note
This paper is a submission draft essay #1, process essay. It is prepared for English 101, Section ???, taught by Dr. Melvin Hall
Drafted by Dr. Melvin Hall
THE PROCESS OF MEMORIZATION 2
1.
Encoding
2.
Storage
3. Retrieval
Flow Chart 1: Three Stages of the Memorization Process; Created by [Group members’ names who designed the flow chart/ map goes here]
THE PROCESS OF MEMORIZATION 3
Process of Memorization: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
[Mohammed BinRayes] Can a person live without memory? A person gets up in the morning and doesn’t know where they are or who they are. The person may not even remember that they have to put their clothes on or eat breakfast. His or her family comes to visit and their loved one thinks they are strangers. Without the capacity to remember, we would have no identity, and we would have to learn everything all over again each day. McLeod (2005) defined “Memory [as] the process of maintaining information over time” (para. 1). So memorization is a cognitive process in which the brain stores important information we need to be a complete human being and survive. What, however, is the process of memorization or making the memories that make our life worth living? This essay provides a brief summary of the human brain’s process for creating the memories that give our life meaning. The basic memorization process includes three important stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
[Khalid Saud] The first stage of
memorization is encoding. Encoding is the brain’s
process of transforming sensory perceptions into
memory forms that can be stored and later
retrieved. The brain receives information through
our fives senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and
Image 1 Encoding. Lumen. (n.d.) Encoding.
smell). According to McCloud (2013), there are three main types of encoding: visual, acoustic, and
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen psychology/chapter/how-memory-functions/
semantic (para. 7). For example, when you look at a ball your brain remembers the ball’s shape – it is round. When you hear the sound a ball makes, your brain knows it is a ball hitting the floor or a foot, even if you don’t see it hitting the floor or foot. And, finally, not all balls are the same.
THE PROCESS OF MEMORIZATION 4
Semantic encoding allows us to understand the purpose or “meaning” of each ball be associating different kinds of balls with different kinds of activities. We know that we should kick a soccer ball but not a golf ball, for example (Johnson, n.d., paras. 10 – 12). Encoding, the first stage in the memorization process, prepares sensory information for the second stage of the memorization process – storage.
[Ibrahim Alfahad] Storage is the brain’s
process of transferring new information from
sensory impressions to long term memory for later
retrieval. According to McCloud (2013), long
term memory can last a person’s entire life, but
short term memory for only 30 seconds (para. 15). As stated by the OSU Academic Success Center,
Image 2 Ruta. (2019, October 3). How does sleep affect us? Bedroommood.
https://bedroommood.com/blog/how-does-sleep-affect us
storage of information into long term memory requires focused and purposeful activities. For example, to store information into long term memory a person (or student) must repeat (or go over) information many times, link new information to old information (elaborate), find patterns in information, and sleep. Sleep is important because it is during sound sleep that the brain creates long term memory (Academic Success Center, n.d. para. 4-5). Successful long-term storage prepares information for retrieval, the third stage of memorization.
[Mohammed BinRayes, Ibrahim Alfahad] Retrieval is the brain’s cognitive (thinking) process of recalling stored memories (McCloud, 2013, para. 15). For example, when you need to telephone a friend you need to recall his phone number from your brain’s memory storage. According to the Berkeley Center for Teaching and Learning (n.d.), the brain relies on “cues” to recall information. Cues are contextual signals and links learned during the stage two
THE PROCESS OF MEMORIZATION 5
storage activities (like repetition and linking new information with old). The more variety of contextual cues there are the stronger the
brain’s memory recall will be (para
7). Another way of describing recall cues is that they are
“any stimulus or clues that helps us remember stored memories” (Psych 256, 2021, para. 2). This means that
people should practice recalling information in a variety of situations. For example, A person that wants to
remember a phone number can recite it to himself, write it down, use it to call the friend, and give the number to another friend. By using the information in five different contexts, the information will be easier to recall. So students should practice using their stored knowledge in a variety of contexts.
[Mohammed BinRayes] To sum up, the human memorization process has three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding creates immediate memories based on sensory information. Storage transfers short term memory to long term memory. And retrieval recalls information stored in short and long term memory. The activities one practices to create long term memories, however, are the most important parts of the memorization process. People and students who want a strong memory should constantly repeat information, make links between old and new information and get plenty of sleep.
THE PROCESS OF MEMORIZATION 6
References
Academic success center: Oregon State University (n.d.). The memory process in four fantastic nutshells. https://success.oregonstate.edu/learning/memory-process-four-fantastic nutshells
Berkeley Center for Teaching and Learning (n.d.) Memory and recall.
https://teaching.berkeley.edu/resources/learn/memory-and-recall
Johnson, P. (n.d.). Encoding memory: Definition and types.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/encoding-memory-definition-types.html
McLeod, S. (2013). Stages of memory: Encoding, storage, retrieval. Simply psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/memory.html
English 101, Sections 446, 448, 458, and 460 |Semester 221| 3 Credit Hours
Fall 2022
Dr. Melvin Hall
Process Essay: Macro Organization, Coherence, and Paragraphing Introduction:
This handout describes how to write a process essay. It has five parts:
1. Definition of process essay with two examples (linear and cyclical)
2. Macro organization of process essay with example sentence patterns writers can choose to organize the essay and link ideas between paragraphs and the thesis
3. The two qualities of a paragraph: unity (توجید ( and coherence (تناسق( 4. Transition and linking words
5. The six basic questions (who, what, where, when, why, and how)
1. Definition of Process Essay: Linear and Cyclical
A process essay describes the sequence of (chronological order of) activities, steps, stages, operations, and methods used to achieve or produce a desired end or outcome. The steps of a process are interrelated or integrated (مترابطة .(One step leads to the next step until the end or desired outcome is produced. In addition, some processes are linear and some processes are
cyclical (متكررة دوریة .(Linear processes stop or terminate when the desired output or end is achieved. For example, the process of making a really good cup of coffee is a linear process; it follows several steps until the cup of really good coffee is made. A cyclical process repeats itself many times – the last stage of the process leads back to the first stage of the process. Technology learning, for example, is a cyclical process. After a person goes through the stages of learning new technology; it leads to new questions for which more answers are needed. So a person repeats the learning process, building on the previously acquired knowledge, gaining a deeper and deeper understanding.
Linear Process for Making Instant Coffee:
1. Heat a cup of water
3. Dissolve coffee in cold water
5. Add sugar
2. Add 2 teaspoons coffee
4. Pour hot water into cup
6.Add milk
7. Outcome/Product/End
1
English 101, Sections 446, 448, 458, and 460 |Semester 221| 3 Credit Hours
Fall 2022
Dr. Melvin Hall
Technology Learning Cycle:
2. Macro Essay Organization and Sentence Patterns/ Transitions Writers Can Choose for Each Paragraph
In general, writers will organize a process essay using similar linking words and sentence patterns. Using these linking words and sentence patterns, writers can easily organize almost any topic into a coherent and unified process essay.
Writing about the memorization process is a good example. In general, the memorization process has three sequential stages: encoding (first), storage (second), retrieval (third). When followed these stages lead to a desired outcome, product, or result – the creation of memory.
Below is an example of an outline for a process essay using several kinds of linking words and sentence patterns. Students/writers can choose the patterns or make up there own to fit their needs. These patterns simply helpful suggestions. However, students should follow the macro organization.
2
English 101, Sections 446, 448, 458, and 460 |Semester 221| 3 Credit Hours
Fall 2022
Dr. Melvin Hall
Title [States the Topic/Process and the Stages/Activities]
I. Thesis Statement
Thesis Statement:
The process of _____________________ consists of _______________ interrelated stages: __________, ______________, ________________, _____________.
A person who ______________________ will go through a ______________ stage process: ______________, ________________, __________________, ____________________.
Thesis Statement (Alternative Pattern #1)
The ___________________ process consists of (number) consecutive stages: ____________, ________________, and _________________. These (number) activities/stages lead to the desired outcome/result of ________________.
Thesis Statement (Alternative Pattern #2):
In order to achieve the result/outcome of ___________________ a series of activities/steps must be completed. The process for ________________ contains the following sequence of (number) of steps/activities: ____________, ______________, and _______________.
Thesis Statement (Alternative Pattern #3):
In order to _____________________ a (description of person doing the activity) must complete the following three activities: ______________, __________________, ________________.
II. Body Paragraph #1
The first activity/stage is __________________.
To begin a person must first _____________________.
The first stage in the process is _____________________.
The first activity in the process of ___________________ is ______________________. Transition Sentence/Conclusion
III. Body Paragraph #2
The second activity/stage is ______________________.
Second, a person must next ____________________.
The second stage in the process is ______________________.
3
English 101, Sections 446, 448, 458, and 460 |Semester 221| 3 Credit Hours
Fall 2022
Dr. Melvin Hall
The second activity in the process of ______________________ is __________________. Transition Sentence / Conclusion
Completing the second stage in the process, _____________________, prepares one to complete the third stage of the process, ___________________.
Completing the second stage in the process of__________________, ___________________, prepares one to complete the third stage of the process, ___________________________.
IV. Body Paragraph #3
The third activity/stage is _____________________.
Third, a person must next ____________________.
The third stage in the process is ______________________.
The third activity in the process of ______________________ is __________________. The final stage in the process of ____________________ is ____________________. Conclusion
Completing the third stage in the process produces __________________________.
Completing the third stage in the ___________________ process leads to ___________________.
Completing the third stage in the ________________ process creates ___________________.
V. Conclusion
Finally, completing the above described stages/activities leads to ________________________.
The process described above leads to______________________. And the three important activities in the process are _______________________.
4
English 101, Sections 446, 448, 458, and 460 |Semester 221| 3 Credit Hours
Fall 2022
Dr. Melvin Hall
3. The Two Qualities of a Paragraph: Unity ( توحید (and Coherence (تناسق( Paragraph’s Definition and Two Important Qualities
Definition
A paragraph is one or more sentences that develops or explains one idea or one area of meaning. A Paragraph’s Two Basic and Important Qualities
1. Unity – a paragraph is unified when it focuses on and develops one idea or area of meaning
2. Coherence – a paragraph is coherent when previous ideas are logically linked and smoothly flow into new/subsequent ideas in the following sentences.
How to Achieve Unity and Coherence
Writers must choose what information to include and exclude and how to link ideas from one sentence to another.
Techniques for writing unified and coherent paragraphs:
1. Place subjects at the beginning of sentences next to active verbs
2. Repeat key words, ideas, and concepts
3. Use appropriate pronouns to link ideas
4. Use transition words and phrases to link sentences and ideas
5. Dovetail ideas in sentences
Example #1: Unified and Coherent Paragraph
The first stage of memorization is encoding. Encoding is the brain’s process of transforming sensory perceptions/information into memory forms that can be stored and later retrieved. The brain receives information through our five senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell). According to McCloud (2013), there are three main types of encoding: visual, acoustic, and semantic (para. 7). To explain, when you look at a ball, your brain remembers the ball’s shape. It is round. When you hear the sound a ball makes, your brain knows it is a ball hitting the floor or a foot even if you don’t see it hitting the floor or foot. And, finally, not all balls are the same. Semantic encoding allows us to understand the purpose or “meaning” of each ball by associating different kinds of balls with different kinds of activities. We know that we should kick a soccer ball but not a golf ball, for example (Johnson, n.d., para. 10 – 12). Encoding, the first stage in the memorization process, places sensory information into short term memory, ready for the next stage of the memorization process – storage.
5
English 101, Sections 446, 448, 458, and 460 |Semester 221| 3 Credit Hours
Fall 2022
Dr. Melvin Hall
Example #2: Unified and Coherent Paragraph
Storage is the brain’s process of transferring new information from sensory impressions to long term memory for later retrieval. According to McCloud (2013), long term memory can last a person’s entire life, but short-term memory for only 30 seconds (para. 15). Therefore, as stated by the OSU Academic Success Center, storage of information into long term memory requires focused and purposeful activities. For example, to store information into long term memory a person (or student) must repeat (or go over) information many times, link new information to old information (elaborate), find patterns in information, and sleep. Sleep is important because it is during sound sleep that the brain creates long term memory (Academic Success Center, n.d. para. 4-5). Successful long-term storage prepares information for retrieval, the third stage of memorization.
4. Transitions and Linking Words to Help Write a Process Essay
To help write well organized, coherent, and unified essays and paragraphs that describe either linear or cyclical processes, writers need logical transitions and linking words. Transitions and linking words are the foundation of logical and organized writing. In other words, learning to use transitions also teaches one how to think logically.
Some of the transitions and linking words used to write a coherent process essay are 1. transitions of time (chronology)/sequence and 2. cause/effect:
Transitions of Time and Sequence
to begin with at the same time as soon as
as long as
in the meantime prior to
after
quickly
finally after
later
last
until
next
till
since
then
before
first, second, third, simultaneously subsequently
prior to
during
eventually
6
English 101, Sections 446, 448, 458, and 460 |Semester 221| 3 Credit Hours
Fall 2022
Dr. Melvin Hall
Cause/Effect
as a result
for
consequently
under those circumstances thus
therefore
in that case
because the
thereupon
for this reason
then in the event that for the purpose of
if
__leads to__ __ results in _ if . . . then . . .
5. Six Basic Questions to Help Discover What to Write about a Process
1. Who uses the process?
2. What is the process? What are the stages/steps of the process? 3. How is the process followed or implemented?
4. Where is the process found or completed?
5. When is the process completed? When does each stage of the process take place? 6. Why do we complete the process? What do we achieve? What is the end result?
7
Essay #3: Collaborative Multimodal Text Design
Language, Visual, Audio, Spatial, and Gestural/Behavioral
09 November 2022
Introduction and General Instructions
Essay Assignment #3 is a collaborative (group) writing assignment in which groups design an essay and mind map / flow chart using at least three of the five design modes: language, visual, audio, spatial, and gestural/behavioral to analyze and teach an academic audience about one of six processes:
The Life Cycle of the Common Cold / Steps to Protect Yourself and Others from the Common Cold
The Steps in the Bread Making Process
Steps in the Memorization Process
The Phases/Steps of the Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
The Steps (Process) of the Scientific Method
The Waste Management Process
Groups choose ONE of the six topics above to research, analyze, and explain.
Final Products
Each group will produce an academic essay between five and seven paragraphs that fully explains each process and a comprehensive mind map / flow chart that incorporates at least three of the five design modes to graphically illustrate the process. Both the essay and the mind map will include APA style citations and a list of references.
Academic essay – five to seven paragraphs
Mind map – fully illustrating the process
Both the essay and the mind map can include the following graphic content/modes:
Textboxes
Graphic shapes (arrows, squares, circles etc.)
Images and photos
Tables and charts
Graphs
Language (text/type)
Colors
Audio clips
The graphic content used in the accompanying mind map can also be used (repeated) in the body of the essay.
What Is a Mind Map?
“Mind mapping is a note-taking tool that organizes words, thoughts, ideas, tasks, activities, and more in the form of a diagram. The diagram starts with a key or main idea in the center of a page, with subtopics radially around the main idea. Subtopics group and cluster similar ideas, and they branch out to lower and even lower-level topics, guiding one to wherever their thoughts go” (Knight, 2012, p. 4).
What Is a Flow Chart?
“Flow charts map a process, which is a series of steps or actions that take you from a starting point to a desired outcome. . . The beauty of flow charts is that they make the sequence of a process visual” (Knight, 2012, pp. 114 and 115)
Example of Mind Map (Basic)
Example of Mind Map Integrating Three Modes (Language, Visual, Spatial)
Example Flow Chart Integrating Three Modes (Language, Visual, and Spatial)
Mind Map and Flowchart Software
Microsoft Word (Word’s Smartart, Shapes, and Charts are good and simple tools for creating maps and flowcharts)
Google Docs (limited functionality and design features; can be frustrating as design process and formatting is not easy)
Design / Writing Process
Stage #1: Assess the writing situation (purpose, genre, audience, topic, sources)
Rhetorical Star – page 5 in course textbook WriteNow on Connect
Stage #2: Discover, Explore, and Plan
Ask questions
Discuss
Read and take notes (active reading – close reading)
MAP (creating the mind map and flow chart should begin when groups read sources and gather information; use the mind map to organize the essay and visually illustrate the process being described)
Gather images, photos, graphs, tables to use in both the essay and mind map/flow chart
Stage #3: Drafting
Write a working thesis
Write paragraphs (introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion following the mind map)
Design multimodal essay and complete mind map / flow chart integrating visual, spatial, language, and audio modes
Peer review / revise
Submit multimodal essay and mind map / flow chart
Multimodal Research Questions and Topics – EACH GROUP CHOOSES ONE TOPIC/QUESTION
The Life Cycle of the Common Cold / Steps to Protect Yourself and Others from the Common Cold
Essay Context – Your team works at as a groups of volunteer student medical assistants participating in an internship in a university medical clinic. You are tasked with writing an informative multimodal article for students about the life cycle of the common cold OR the steps that students can take to protect themselves and other from the common cold. Your team’s goal is to help educate Saudi citizens about the steps they can take to understand and protect themselves from the common cold.
Essay Question(s) – What are the stages of the common cold? OR What are the steps one can take to protect yourself and other from getting the common cold?
Suggested Sources
CDC Features. (2020, October 7). Common cold: Protect yourself and others. Centers for disease control and prevention.
Gilbert, B. (2020, June 2). Your day-by-day guide to the common cold. Everyday health.
Koskie, B. (2019, October 24). The life cycle of the common cold. Healthline.
Luo, E. K. (2019, December 18). What are the stages of the common cold? Medical news today.
The Steps in the Bread Making Process
Essay Context – Your team works for a Saudi health food store promoting healthy eating habits. One of the ways to eat health is to make food at home. You team is asked to write a multimodal essay that explains the process of making bread to young Saudis. Your ultimate goal is to help young Saudis be self-sufficient in providing for their and their family’s nutrition.
Essay Question – What are the steps one can follow to make homemade bread?
Suggested Sources
Baking Industry Research Trust. (n.d.) Science of bread making.
Hoffman, K. (2020). Intro to bread making: The basic process. Baker bettie.
Steps in the Memorization Process
Essay Context – You team works in a college counsellor office and provides new students with support and guidance about how to best manage their time, study, and retain information. Your team’s job is to write a informative multimodal article for students that educates them about the memorization process so that they can learn how to better retain information and prepare for exams.
Essay Question – What are the steps in the memorization process that students should know in order to help them retain information?
Suggested Sources
Academic Success Center. (2021). The memory process in four fantastic nutshells. Oregon State University
https://success.oregonstate.edu/learning/memory-process-four-fantastic-nutshells
Berkeley Center for Teaching and Learning (2021) Memory and recall. UC Berkely.https://teaching.berkeley.edu/resources/learn/memory-and-recall
Johnson, P. (n.d.). Encoding memory: Definition and types. Study.com. https://study.com/academy/lesson/encoding-memory-definition-types.html
McLeod, S. (2013). Stages of memory: Encoding, storage, retrieval. Simply psychology.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/memory.html
The Phases/Steps of the Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
Essay Context – One of the biggest problems nations face today is climate change and the disappearance of fresh drinking water. To better understand how nature recycles and replenishes fresh water, it is vital to understand the three (sometimes four) phases of the hydrologic water cycle. Your team works for an environmental organization promoting sustainable economic policies. Your team’s task is to communicate to a general audience the fresh water (hydrologic) cycle so they are better aware of how nature replenishes fresh water.
Essay Question – What are the stages of the hydrologic (water) cycle?
Suggested Sources
Britannica. (2020, May 27). Water cycle. In Encyclopedia Britannica.
NASA. (2021). Earth’s water cycle [Video]. NASA.
National Geographic. (2021). Hydrologic cycle. National geographic.
NOAA. (2019, February 1). Water cycle. National oceanic and atmospheric association.
The Steps (Process) of the Scientific Method
Essay Context – Your team works for a Saudi science organization that promotes scientific education and critical thinking in the Kingdom. Your team must clearly explain the scientific method to high school students, college students, and young adults in order to prepare Saudi citizens to be critical thinkers and lifelong learners able to employ the basic steps of the scientific method to analyze problems and create new knowledge.
Essay Question – What is the critical thinking process called the scientific method that students, scientists, and life-long learners can use study and learn about their natural world?
Suggested Sources
Khan Academy. (2016, March 15). The scientific method [Video]. YouTube.
McLelland, C. (n.d.). The nature of science and the scientific method. The Geological Society of America.
Stiles, K. (1942, March). What is the scientific method? Bios. 13 (1), 13 – 20.
Texas A&M Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences. (2020, September 25). Scientific method mind mapping filled. Texas A&M Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.
The Waste Management Process
Essay Context – Prince Sultan University is establishing an institute for the study of waste management. One of the new institute’s missions is to educated the new Saudi generation (high school students) how to manage waste in their local communities. They have asked you to write and design a multimodal document (essay) explaining the basic waste management process to Saudi high school students.
Essay Question – What are the stages of the waste management process? What is the sequence of steps a Saudi community can follow to successfully manage waste?
Suggested Sources
Kellogg, K. (2020, 6 September). “How to Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.” Wikihow.
Kukreja, R. (2020).“The Reduce, Recycle, Reuse Waste Hierarchy.” Conserve Energy Future.
Abdue-Rahman, Fahzy. (2014) “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Alternative for Waste Management.” College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University.
Hierarchy Structure. (2018). “Waste Management Hierarchy”
Instructions
Groups must follow the due dates for drafting in the schedule outlined below and all drafts must be complete in the group’s Google Drive folder
Groups must read and use the assigned sources for each essay question
Groups must follow the daily research, note taking, and drafting instructions
If drafts are not complete, 30% will be deducted from the essay’s final grade
Groups are required to integrate at least three modes (language, visual, spatial)
Groups and individual writers must use correct APA style quotations, paraphrases, and summaries where appropriate. Groups and individual writers must create a correct APA style reference list for sources
Groups must integrate/synthesize information from sources (at least two in each body paragraph) using correct APA style citations
Essay and Text Guidelines
The essay must follow the following conventions:
At least five paragraphs (475 – 600 words)
APA style (7th edition) formatting, citations, and references
Times New Roman, 12-point font
Double Spaced
Page numbers
One-inch margins
Follow the APA style conventions
Textbook Chapters – Write Now, McGraw Hill Connect
Read Chapter 15.5 Multimodal Composition in our McGraw Hill Connect textbook, Write Now, pages 434 to 442
Read and discuss Chapter 7 – Explaining a Process in our McGraw Hill Connect textbook, Write Now, pages 148 to 173
Schedule: Prewriting/Research, Drafting, Revision, Editing
Week 12 Essay #3 Multimodal Text
13 November – Begin Multimodal Essay #3
15 November – Stage #1 Assess the writing situation; and Stage #2 – Discover, Explore, and Plan
17 November – Stage #2 Discover, Explore, and plan:
Read sources
Take notes
Draft mind map / flow chart
Week 13 Essay #3 Multimodal Text
20 November – Stage #2 Discover, Explore, and plan:
Draft working thesis and outline
Draft mind map / flow chart
22 November – Stage #2 Discover, Explore, and plan:
Draft flow chart
Draft body paragraphs
24 November –#3 Drafting
Draft chart
Draft body paragraphs
Midterm Holiday
27 November to 1 December
Week 14 Essay #3 Multimodal Text
04 December – Stage #3 Drafting
Draft flow chart
Draft body paragraphs explaining steps of the process
06 December – Stage #3 Drafting
Draft Introduction and Conclusion
Insert images, tables, and graphs
08 December – Stage #4 Peer Review
Week 15 Essay #3 Multimodal Text
11 December – Essay #3 Assignment Due by 6:00 p.m. – Essay uploaded to LMS Turn-It-In and Google Drive Group Folder Mind map / flow chart submitted to group folder on Google Drive
13 December – Review
15 December – Review
Essay #3: Collaborative Multimodal Text Design
Language, Visual, Audio, Spatial, and Gestural/Behavioral
09 November 2022
Introduction and General Instructions
Essay Assignment #3 is a collaborative (group) writing assignment in which groups design an essay and mind map / flow chart using at least three of the five design modes: language, visual, audio, spatial, and gestural/behavioral to analyze and teach an academic audience about one of six processes:
The Life Cycle of the Common Cold / Steps to Protect Yourself and Others from the Common Cold
The Steps in the Bread Making Process
Steps in the Memorization Process
The Phases/Steps of the Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
The Steps (Process) of the Scientific Method
The Waste Management Process
Groups choose ONE of the six topics above to research, analyze, and explain.
Final Products
Each group will produce an academic essay between five and seven paragraphs that fully explains each process and a comprehensive mind map / flow chart that incorporates at least three of the five design modes to graphically illustrate the process. Both the essay and the mind map will include APA style citations and a list of references.
Academic essay – five to seven paragraphs
Mind map – fully illustrating the process
Both the essay and the mind map can include the following graphic content/modes:
Textboxes
Graphic shapes (arrows, squares, circles etc.)
Images and photos
Tables and charts
Graphs
Language (text/type)
Colors
Audio clips
The graphic content used in the accompanying mind map can also be used (repeated) in the body of the essay.
What Is a Mind Map?
“Mind mapping is a note-taking tool that organizes words, thoughts, ideas, tasks, activities, and more in the form of a diagram. The diagram starts with a key or main idea in the center of a page, with subtopics radially around the main idea. Subtopics group and cluster similar ideas, and they branch out to lower and even lower-level topics, guiding one to wherever their thoughts go” (Knight, 2012, p. 4).
What Is a Flow Chart?
“Flow charts map a process, which is a series of steps or actions that take you from a starting point to a desired outcome. . . The beauty of flow charts is that they make the sequence of a process visual” (Knight, 2012, pp. 114 and 115)
Example of Mind Map (Basic)
Example of Mind Map Integrating Three Modes (Language, Visual, Spatial)
Example Flow Chart Integrating Three Modes (Language, Visual, and Spatial)
Mind Map and Flowchart Software
Microsoft Word (Word’s Smartart, Shapes, and Charts are good and simple tools for creating maps and flowcharts)
Google Docs (limited functionality and design features; can be frustrating as design process and formatting is not easy)
Design / Writing Process
Stage #1: Assess the writing situation (purpose, genre, audience, topic, sources)
Rhetorical Star – page 5 in course textbook WriteNow on Connect
Stage #2: Discover, Explore, and Plan
Ask questions
Discuss
Read and take notes (active reading – close reading)
MAP (creating the mind map and flow chart should begin when groups read sources and gather information; use the mind map to organize the essay and visually illustrate the process being described)
Gather images, photos, graphs, tables to use in both the essay and mind map/flow chart
Stage #3: Drafting
Write a working thesis
Write paragraphs (introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion following the mind map)
Design multimodal essay and complete mind map / flow chart integrating visual, spatial, language, and audio modes
Peer review / revise
Submit multimodal essay and mind map / flow chart
Multimodal Research Questions and Topics – EACH GROUP CHOOSES ONE TOPIC/QUESTION
The Life Cycle of the Common Cold / Steps to Protect Yourself and Others from the Common Cold
Essay Context – Your team works at as a groups of volunteer student medical assistants participating in an internship in a university medical clinic. You are tasked with writing an informative multimodal article for students about the life cycle of the common cold OR the steps that students can take to protect themselves and other from the common cold. Your team’s goal is to help educate Saudi citizens about the steps they can take to understand and protect themselves from the common cold.
Essay Question(s) – What are the stages of the common cold? OR What are the steps one can take to protect yourself and other from getting the common cold?
Suggested Sources
CDC Features. (2020, October 7). Common cold: Protect yourself and others. Centers for disease control and prevention.
Gilbert, B. (2020, June 2). Your day-by-day guide to the common cold. Everyday health.
Koskie, B. (2019, October 24). The life cycle of the common cold. Healthline.
Luo, E. K. (2019, December 18). What are the stages of the common cold? Medical news today.
The Steps in the Bread Making Process
Essay Context – Your team works for a Saudi health food store promoting healthy eating habits. One of the ways to eat health is to make food at home. You team is asked to write a multimodal essay that explains the process of making bread to young Saudis. Your ultimate goal is to help young Saudis be self-sufficient in providing for their and their family’s nutrition.
Essay Question – What are the steps one can follow to make homemade bread?
Suggested Sources
Baking Industry Research Trust. (n.d.) Science of bread making.
Hoffman, K. (2020). Intro to bread making: The basic process. Baker bettie.
Steps in the Memorization Process
Essay Context – You team works in a college counsellor office and provides new students with support and guidance about how to best manage their time, study, and retain information. Your team’s job is to write a informative multimodal article for students that educates them about the memorization process so that they can learn how to better retain information and prepare for exams.
Essay Question – What are the steps in the memorization process that students should know in order to help them retain information?
Suggested Sources
Academic Success Center. (2021). The memory process in four fantastic nutshells. Oregon State University
https://success.oregonstate.edu/learning/memory-process-four-fantastic-nutshells
Berkeley Center for Teaching and Learning (2021) Memory and recall. UC Berkely.https://teaching.berkeley.edu/resources/learn/memory-and-recall
Johnson, P. (n.d.). Encoding memory: Definition and types. Study.com. https://study.com/academy/lesson/encoding-memory-definition-types.html
McLeod, S. (2013). Stages of memory: Encoding, storage, retrieval. Simply psychology.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/memory.html
The Phases/Steps of the Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
Essay Context – One of the biggest problems nations face today is climate change and the disappearance of fresh drinking water. To better understand how nature recycles and replenishes fresh water, it is vital to understand the three (sometimes four) phases of the hydrologic water cycle. Your team works for an environmental organization promoting sustainable economic policies. Your team’s task is to communicate to a general audience the fresh water (hydrologic) cycle so they are better aware of how nature replenishes fresh water.
Essay Question – What are the stages of the hydrologic (water) cycle?
Suggested Sources
Britannica. (2020, May 27). Water cycle. In Encyclopedia Britannica.
NASA. (2021). Earth’s water cycle [Video]. NASA.
National Geographic. (2021). Hydrologic cycle. National geographic.
NOAA. (2019, February 1). Water cycle. National oceanic and atmospheric association.
The Steps (Process) of the Scientific Method
Essay Context – Your team works for a Saudi science organization that promotes scientific education and critical thinking in the Kingdom. Your team must clearly explain the scientific method to high school students, college students, and young adults in order to prepare Saudi citizens to be critical thinkers and lifelong learners able to employ the basic steps of the scientific method to analyze problems and create new knowledge.
Essay Question – What is the critical thinking process called the scientific method that students, scientists, and life-long learners can use study and learn about their natural world?
Suggested Sources
Khan Academy. (2016, March 15). The scientific method [Video]. YouTube.
McLelland, C. (n.d.). The nature of science and the scientific method. The Geological Society of America.
Stiles, K. (1942, March). What is the scientific method? Bios. 13 (1), 13 – 20.
Texas A&M Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences. (2020, September 25). Scientific method mind mapping filled. Texas A&M Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.
The Waste Management Process
Essay Context – Prince Sultan University is establishing an institute for the study of waste management. One of the new institute’s missions is to educated the new Saudi generation (high school students) how to manage waste in their local communities. They have asked you to write and design a multimodal document (essay) explaining the basic waste management process to Saudi high school students.
Essay Question – What are the stages of the waste management process? What is the sequence of steps a Saudi community can follow to successfully manage waste?
Suggested Sources
Kellogg, K. (2020, 6 September). “How to Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.” Wikihow.
Kukreja, R. (2020).“The Reduce, Recycle, Reuse Waste Hierarchy.” Conserve Energy Future.
Abdue-Rahman, Fahzy. (2014) “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Alternative for Waste Management.” College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University.
Hierarchy Structure. (2018). “Waste Management Hierarchy”
Instructions
Groups must follow the due dates for drafting in the schedule outlined below and all drafts must be complete in the group’s Google Drive folder
Groups must read and use the assigned sources for each essay question
Groups must follow the daily research, note taking, and drafting instructions
If drafts are not complete, 30% will be deducted from the essay’s final grade
Groups are required to integrate at least three modes (language, visual, spatial)
Groups and individual writers must use correct APA style quotations, paraphrases, and summaries where appropriate. Groups and individual writers must create a correct APA style reference list for sources
Groups must integrate/synthesize information from sources (at least two in each body paragraph) using correct APA style citations
Essay and Text Guidelines
The essay must follow the following conventions:
At least five paragraphs (475 – 600 words)
APA style (7th edition) formatting, citations, and references
Times New Roman, 12-point font
Double Spaced
Page numbers
One-inch margins
Follow the APA style conventions
Textbook Chapters – Write Now, McGraw Hill Connect
Read Chapter 15.5 Multimodal Composition in our McGraw Hill Connect textbook, Write Now, pages 434 to 442
Read and discuss Chapter 7 – Explaining a Process in our McGraw Hill Connect textbook, Write Now, pages 148 to 173
Schedule: Prewriting/Research, Drafting, Revision, Editing
Week 12 Essay #3 Multimodal Text
13 November – Begin Multimodal Essay #3
15 November – Stage #1 Assess the writing situation; and Stage #2 – Discover, Explore, and Plan
17 November – Stage #2 Discover, Explore, and plan:
Read sources
Take notes
Draft mind map / flow chart
Week 13 Essay #3 Multimodal Text
20 November – Stage #2 Discover, Explore, and plan:
Draft working thesis and outline
Draft mind map / flow chart
22 November – Stage #2 Discover, Explore, and plan:
Draft flow chart
Draft body paragraphs
24 November –#3 Drafting
Draft chart
Draft body paragraphs
Midterm Holiday
27 November to 1 December
Week 14 Essay #3 Multimodal Text
04 December – Stage #3 Drafting
Draft flow chart
Draft body paragraphs explaining steps of the process
06 December – Stage #3 Drafting
Draft Introduction and Conclusion
Insert images, tables, and graphs
08 December – Stage #4 Peer Review
Week 15 Essay #3 Multimodal Text
11 December – Essay #3 Assignment Due by 6:00 p.m. – Essay uploaded to LMS Turn-It-In and Google Drive Group Folder Mind map / flow chart submitted to group folder on Google Drive
13 December – Review
15 December – Review
English 101, Sections 446, 448, 458, and 460 |Semester 221| 3 Credit Hours
Fall 2022
Dr. Melvin Hall
Process Essay: Macro Organization, Coherence, and Paragraphing Introduction:
This handout describes how to write a process essay. It has five parts:
1. Definition of process essay with two examples (linear and cyclical)
2. Macro organization of process essay with example sentence patterns writers can choose to organize the essay and link ideas between paragraphs and the thesis
3. The two qualities of a paragraph: unity (توجید ( and coherence (تناسق( 4. Transition and linking words
5. The six basic questions (who, what, where, when, why, and how)
1. Definition of Process Essay: Linear and Cyclical
A process essay describes the sequence of (chronological order of) activities, steps, stages, operations, and methods used to achieve or produce a desired end or outcome. The steps of a process are interrelated or integrated (مترابطة .(One step leads to the next step until the end or desired outcome is produced. In addition, some processes are linear and some processes are
cyclical (متكررة دوریة .(Linear processes stop or terminate when the desired output or end is achieved. For example, the process of making a really good cup of coffee is a linear process; it follows several steps until the cup of really good coffee is made. A cyclical process repeats itself many times – the last stage of the process leads back to the first stage of the process. Technology learning, for example, is a cyclical process. After a person goes through the stages of learning new technology; it leads to new questions for which more answers are needed. So a person repeats the learning process, building on the previously acquired knowledge, gaining a deeper and deeper understanding.
Linear Process for Making Instant Coffee:
1. Heat a cup of water
3. Dissolve coffee in cold water
5. Add sugar
2. Add 2 teaspoons coffee
4. Pour hot water into cup
6.Add milk
7. Outcome/Product/End
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English 101, Sections 446, 448, 458, and 460 |Semester 221| 3 Credit Hours
Fall 2022
Dr. Melvin Hall
Technology Learning Cycle:
2. Macro Essay Organization and Sentence Patterns/ Transitions Writers Can Choose for Each Paragraph
In general, writers will organize a process essay using similar linking words and sentence patterns. Using these linking words and sentence patterns, writers can easily organize almost any topic into a coherent and unified process essay.
Writing about the memorization process is a good example. In general, the memorization process has three sequential stages: encoding (first), storage (second), retrieval (third). When followed these stages lead to a desired outcome, product, or result – the creation of memory.
Below is an example of an outline for a process essay using several kinds of linking words and sentence patterns. Students/writers can choose the patterns or make up there own to fit their needs. These patterns simply helpful suggestions. However, students should follow the macro organization.
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English 101, Sections 446, 448, 458, and 460 |Semester 221| 3 Credit Hours
Fall 2022
Dr. Melvin Hall
Title [States the Topic/Process and the Stages/Activities]
I. Thesis Statement
Thesis Statement:
The process of _____________________ consists of _______________ interrelated stages: __________, ______________, ________________, _____________.
A person who ______________________ will go through a ______________ stage process: ______________, ________________, __________________, ____________________.
Thesis Statement (Alternative Pattern #1)
The ___________________ process consists of (number) consecutive stages: ____________, ________________, and _________________. These (number) activities/stages lead to the desired outcome/result of ________________.
Thesis Statement (Alternative Pattern #2):
In order to achieve the result/outcome of ___________________ a series of activities/steps must be completed. The process for ________________ contains the following sequence of (number) of steps/activities: ____________, ______________, and _______________.
Thesis Statement (Alternative Pattern #3):
In order to _____________________ a (description of person doing the activity) must complete the following three activities: ______________, __________________, ________________.
II. Body Paragraph #1
The first activity/stage is __________________.
To begin a person must first _____________________.
The first stage in the process is _____________________.
The first activity in the process of ___________________ is ______________________. Transition Sentence/Conclusion
III. Body Paragraph #2
The second activity/stage is ______________________.
Second, a person must next ____________________.
The second stage in the process is ______________________.
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English 101, Sections 446, 448, 458, and 460 |Semester 221| 3 Credit Hours
Fall 2022
Dr. Melvin Hall
The second activity in the process of ______________________ is __________________. Transition Sentence / Conclusion
Completing the second stage in the process, _____________________, prepares one to complete the third stage of the process, ___________________.
Completing the second stage in the process of__________________, ___________________, prepares one to complete the third stage of the process, ___________________________.
IV. Body Paragraph #3
The third activity/stage is _____________________.
Third, a person must next ____________________.
The third stage in the process is ______________________.
The third activity in the process of ______________________ is __________________. The final stage in the process of ____________________ is ____________________. Conclusion
Completing the third stage in the process produces __________________________.
Completing the third stage in the ___________________ process leads to ___________________.
Completing the third stage in the ________________ process creates ___________________.
V. Conclusion
Finally, completing the above described stages/activities leads to ________________________.
The process described above leads to______________________. And the three important activities in the process are _______________________.
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English 101, Sections 446, 448, 458, and 460 |Semester 221| 3 Credit Hours
Fall 2022
Dr. Melvin Hall
3. The Two Qualities of a Paragraph: Unity ( توحید (and Coherence (تناسق( Paragraph’s Definition and Two Important Qualities
Definition
A paragraph is one or more sentences that develops or explains one idea or one area of meaning. A Paragraph’s Two Basic and Important Qualities
1. Unity – a paragraph is unified when it focuses on and develops one idea or area of meaning
2. Coherence – a paragraph is coherent when previous ideas are logically linked and smoothly flow into new/subsequent ideas in the following sentences.
How to Achieve Unity and Coherence
Writers must choose what information to include and exclude and how to link ideas from one sentence to another.
Techniques for writing unified and coherent paragraphs:
1. Place subjects at the beginning of sentences next to active verbs
2. Repeat key words, ideas, and concepts
3. Use appropriate pronouns to link ideas
4. Use transition words and phrases to link sentences and ideas
5. Dovetail ideas in sentences
Example #1: Unified and Coherent Paragraph
The first stage of memorization is encoding. Encoding is the brain’s process of transforming sensory perceptions/information into memory forms that can be stored and later retrieved. The brain receives information through our five senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell). According to McCloud (2013), there are three main types of encoding: visual, acoustic, and semantic (para. 7). To explain, when you look at a ball, your brain remembers the ball’s shape. It is round. When you hear the sound a ball makes, your brain knows it is a ball hitting the floor or a foot even if you don’t see it hitting the floor or foot. And, finally, not all balls are the same. Semantic encoding allows us to understand the purpose or “meaning” of each ball by associating different kinds of balls with different kinds of activities. We know that we should kick a soccer ball but not a golf ball, for example (Johnson, n.d., para. 10 – 12). Encoding, the first stage in the memorization process, places sensory information into short term memory, ready for the next stage of the memorization process – storage.
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English 101, Sections 446, 448, 458, and 460 |Semester 221| 3 Credit Hours
Fall 2022
Dr. Melvin Hall
Example #2: Unified and Coherent Paragraph
Storage is the brain’s process of transferring new information from sensory impressions to long term memory for later retrieval. According to McCloud (2013), long term memory can last a person’s entire life, but short-term memory for only 30 seconds (para. 15). Therefore, as stated by the OSU Academic Success Center, storage of information into long term memory requires focused and purposeful activities. For example, to store information into long term memory a person (or student) must repeat (or go over) information many times, link new information to old information (elaborate), find patterns in information, and sleep. Sleep is important because it is during sound sleep that the brain creates long term memory (Academic Success Center, n.d. para. 4-5). Successful long-term storage prepares information for retrieval, the third stage of memorization.
4. Transitions and Linking Words to Help Write a Process Essay
To help write well organized, coherent, and unified essays and paragraphs that describe either linear or cyclical processes, writers need logical transitions and linking words. Transitions and linking words are the foundation of logical and organized writing. In other words, learning to use transitions also teaches one how to think logically.
Some of the transitions and linking words used to write a coherent process essay are 1. transitions of time (chronology)/sequence and 2. cause/effect:
Transitions of Time and Sequence
to begin with at the same time as soon as
as long as
in the meantime prior to
after
quickly
finally after
later
last
until
next
till
since
then
before
first, second, third, simultaneously subsequently
prior to
during
eventually
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English 101, Sections 446, 448, 458, and 460 |Semester 221| 3 Credit Hours
Fall 2022
Dr. Melvin Hall
Cause/Effect
as a result
for
consequently
under those circumstances thus
therefore
in that case
because the
thereupon
for this reason
then in the event that for the purpose of
if
__leads to__ __ results in _ if . . . then . . .
5. Six Basic Questions to Help Discover What to Write about a Process
1. Who uses the process?
2. What is the process? What are the stages/steps of the process? 3. How is the process followed or implemented?
4. Where is the process found or completed?
5. When is the process completed? When does each stage of the process take place? 6. Why do we complete the process? What do we achieve? What is the end result?
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RUNNING HEAD: THE PROCESS OF MEMORIZATION
The Process of Memorization: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
[Student Name Here]
Prince Sultan University
Author Note
This paper is a submission draft essay #1, process essay. It is prepared for English 101, Section ???, taught by Dr. Melvin Hall
Drafted by Dr. Melvin Hall
THE PROCESS OF MEMORIZATION 2
1.
Encoding
2.
Storage
3. Retrieval
Flow Chart 1: Three Stages of the Memorization Process; Created by [Group members’ names who designed the flow chart/ map goes here]
THE PROCESS OF MEMORIZATION 3
Process of Memorization: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
[Mohammed BinRayes] Can a person live without memory? A person gets up in the morning and doesn’t know where they are or who they are. The person may not even remember that they have to put their clothes on or eat breakfast. His or her family comes to visit and their loved one thinks they are strangers. Without the capacity to remember, we would have no identity, and we would have to learn everything all over again each day. McLeod (2005) defined “Memory [as] the process of maintaining information over time” (para. 1). So memorization is a cognitive process in which the brain stores important information we need to be a complete human being and survive. What, however, is the process of memorization or making the memories that make our life worth living? This essay provides a brief summary of the human brain’s process for creating the memories that give our life meaning. The basic memorization process includes three important stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
[Khalid Saud] The first stage of
memorization is encoding. Encoding is the brain’s
process of transforming sensory perceptions into
memory forms that can be stored and later
retrieved. The brain receives information through
our fives senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and
Image 1 Encoding. Lumen. (n.d.) Encoding.
smell). According to McCloud (2013), there are three main types of encoding: visual, acoustic, and
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen psychology/chapter/how-memory-functions/
semantic (para. 7). For example, when you look at a ball your brain remembers the ball’s shape – it is round. When you hear the sound a ball makes, your brain knows it is a ball hitting the floor or a foot, even if you don’t see it hitting the floor or foot. And, finally, not all balls are the same.
THE PROCESS OF MEMORIZATION 4
Semantic encoding allows us to understand the purpose or “meaning” of each ball be associating different kinds of balls with different kinds of activities. We know that we should kick a soccer ball but not a golf ball, for example (Johnson, n.d., paras. 10 – 12). Encoding, the first stage in the memorization process, prepares sensory information for the second stage of the memorization process – storage.
[Ibrahim Alfahad] Storage is the brain’s
process of transferring new information from
sensory impressions to long term memory for later
retrieval. According to McCloud (2013), long
term memory can last a person’s entire life, but
short term memory for only 30 seconds (para. 15). As stated by the OSU Academic Success Center,
Image 2 Ruta. (2019, October 3). How does sleep affect us? Bedroommood.
https://bedroommood.com/blog/how-does-sleep-affect us
storage of information into long term memory requires focused and purposeful activities. For example, to store information into long term memory a person (or student) must repeat (or go over) information many times, link new information to old information (elaborate), find patterns in information, and sleep. Sleep is important because it is during sound sleep that the brain creates long term memory (Academic Success Center, n.d. para. 4-5). Successful long-term storage prepares information for retrieval, the third stage of memorization.
[Mohammed BinRayes, Ibrahim Alfahad] Retrieval is the brain’s cognitive (thinking) process of recalling stored memories (McCloud, 2013, para. 15). For example, when you need to telephone a friend you need to recall his phone number from your brain’s memory storage. According to the Berkeley Center for Teaching and Learning (n.d.), the brain relies on “cues” to recall information. Cues are contextual signals and links learned during the stage two
THE PROCESS OF MEMORIZATION 5
storage activities (like repetition and linking new information with old). The more variety of contextual cues there are the stronger the
brain’s memory recall will be (para
7). Another way of describing recall cues is that they are
“any stimulus or clues that helps us remember stored memories” (Psych 256, 2021, para. 2). This means that
people should practice recalling information in a variety of situations. For example, A person that wants to
remember a phone number can recite it to himself, write it down, use it to call the friend, and give the number to another friend. By using the information in five different contexts, the information will be easier to recall. So students should practice using their stored knowledge in a variety of contexts.
[Mohammed BinRayes] To sum up, the human memorization process has three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding creates immediate memories based on sensory information. Storage transfers short term memory to long term memory. And retrieval recalls information stored in short and long term memory. The activities one practices to create long term memories, however, are the most important parts of the memorization process. People and students who want a strong memory should constantly repeat information, make links between old and new information and get plenty of sleep.
THE PROCESS OF MEMORIZATION 6
References
Academic success center: Oregon State University (n.d.). The memory process in four fantastic nutshells. https://success.oregonstate.edu/learning/memory-process-four-fantastic nutshells
Berkeley Center for Teaching and Learning (n.d.) Memory and recall.
https://teaching.berkeley.edu/resources/learn/memory-and-recall
Johnson, P. (n.d.). Encoding memory: Definition and types.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/encoding-memory-definition-types.html
McLeod, S. (2013). Stages of memory: Encoding, storage, retrieval. Simply psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/memory.html